...J. Ivarsson; D. C. Viano; P. Lo¨vsund; Y. Parnaik The revised Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 201 specifies that the safety performance of vehicle upper interiors is determined from the resultant linear acceleration response of a free motion headform (FMH) impacting the interior...

... energy (44 J), the peak acceleration and HIC values still exceeded the criteria of general safety standards. This suggests that a chin bar consisting of only the shell component provides inadequate protection during facial impacts. Therefore, an energy-absorbing liner component is essential...