Abstract

A new method involving a slight acceleration of curing is proposed to evaluate the sensitivity of a particular cement or particular mortars to DEF and consequent expansion. It can be used to determine the maximum concrete temperature below which the risk of DEF is minimal and acceptable. After a heat curing, the specimens were kept in lime-saturated water. On the seventh day, they were submitted to six daily thermal cycles (+50 to +10°C). Expansion is greater when thermal cycles are applied compared to control specimens. Therefore, the absence of expansion of some mortars submitted to thermal cycles enables us to accept the mix, even if the curing temperature is 90°C. This method has been applied successfully in mortar specimens. It is presently being applied on concrete specimens.

Issue Section:
Research Papers
Keywords:
concrete, DEF, ettringite, expansion, mortar, steam curing, sulfate attack, testing

References

1.
Abo-El-Enein
,
S. A.
,
Hanafi
,
S.
,
Salem
,
T. M.
, and
Hekal
,
E. E.
,
1991
, “
Physicochemical Studies on Ettringite. IV—Modes of Interaction with Water and Associated Energetics
,”
Il cemento
, Vol.
1
, No.
1992
, pp.
31
–
42
.
2.
Collepardi
,
M.
,
1999
, “
Damage by Delayed Ettringite Formation
,”
Concrete International
 0162-4075, January, pp.
69
–
74
.
3.
Day
,
R. L.
,
1992
, “
The Effect of Secondary Ettringite Formation on the Durability of Concrete: A Literature Analysis
,”
Portland Cement Association
, p. 67.
4.
Diamond
,
S.
,
Ong
,
S.
, and
Bonen
,
D.
,
1994
, “
Characteristics of Secondary Ettringite Deposited in Steam-Cured Concretes Undergoing ASR
,”
Proceeding of the Sixteenth International Conference on Cement Microscopy
, 11–14 April,
Richmond, VA
, pp.
294
–
305
.
5.
Duggan
,
C. R.
 and
Scott
,
J. F.
,
1989
, “
New Test for Deleterious Expansion in Concrete
,”
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction
,
Kyoto, Japan
, 17–20 July, 1989.
6.
European Committee for Standardization
,
2001
, “
EN 13369—Common Rules for Precast Concrete Products
,” August.
7.
Famy
,
C.
,
1999
, “
Expansion of Heat-Cured Mortars
,” Doctor of Philosophy Thesis,
University of London
,
09
1999
.
8.
Fu
,
Y.
 and
Beaudoin
,
J. J.
,
1996
, “
Microcracking as a Precursor to Delayed Ettringite Formation in Cement Systems
,”
Cement and Concrete Research
 0008-8846, Vol.
26
, No.
10
, pp.
1493
–
1498
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
9.
German Committee for Reinforced Concrete
,
1989
,
Recommendation on the Heat Treatment of Concrete
,
Deutscher Ausschuss fur Stahlbeton, DIN Deutsches Institut fur Normung e.b. Bindesalle 216/218
, D-1000 Berlin 15, September.
10.
Glasser
,
F. P.
,
1996
, “
The Role of Sulfate Mineralogy and Cure Temperature in Delayed Ettringite Formation
,”
Cement and Concrete Composites
 0958-9465, Vol.
18
, June, pp.
187
–
193
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
11.
Grattan-Bellew
,
P. E.
,
Beaudoin
,
J. J.
, and
Vallée
,
V.-G.
,
1998
, “
Delayed Ettringite Formation: Effect of Clinker Particle Size and Composition on Expansion of Mortar Bars
,”
Materials Science of Concrete ed.
, the Sidney Diamond Symposium, pp.
295
–
307
.
12.
Heinz
,
D.
,
Kalde
,
M.
,
Ludwig
,
U.
, and
Ruediger
,
I.
,
1999
, “
Present State of Investigation on Damaging Late Ettringite Formation (DLEF) in Mortars and Concretes
,” in
Ettringite the Sometimes Host of Destruction
, ACI SP 177-1, pp.
1
–
14
.
13.
Hobbs
,
D. W.
,
1999
, “
Expansion and Cracking in Concrete Associated with Delayed Ettringite Formation
,”
Ettringite the Sometimes Host of Destruction
SP 177-11, pp.
159
–
181
.
14.
Iowa Department of Transportation Specifications
, Division 24,
Structures
, Section 2407.09,
Curing
,
04
2003
.
15.
Kelham
,
S.
,
1996
, “
The Effect of Cement Composition and Fineness on Expansion Associated with Delayed Ettringite
,”
Cement and Concrete Composites
 0958-9465, Vol.
18
, June, pp.
171
–
179
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
16.
Kelham
,
S.
,
1999
, “
Influence of Cement Composition on Volume Stability of Mortar
,”
Ettringite the Sometimes Host of Destruction
, SP 177-3, pp.
27
–
45
.
17.
Lawrence
,
C. D.
,
1995
, “
Mortar Expansions Due to Delayed Ettringite Formation. Effects of Curing Period and Temperature
,”
Cement and Concrete Research
 0008-8846, Vol.
25
, No.
4
, pp.
903
–
914
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
18.
Lawrence
,
C. D.
,
1999
, “
Long-Term Expansion of Mortars and Concretes
,”
Ettringite the Sometimes Host of Destruction
, SP 177-8, pp.
105
–
123
.
19.
Mehta
,
P. K.
,
2000
, “
Sulfate Attack on Concrete-Separating Myths from Reality
,”
Fifth International Conference on Durability of Concrete
,
Barcelona, Spain
, Supplementary Papers,
06
2000
, pp.
1
–
11
.
20.
Mehta
,
P. K.
,
1972
, “
Stability of Ettringite on Heating
,”
Journal of the American Ceramic Society
 0002-7820, Vol.
55
, No.
1
, pp.
55
–
56
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
21.
Mohamed
,
A. M. O.
,
Boily
,
J. F.
,
Hossein
,
M.
, and
Hassani
,
F. P.
,
1995
, “
Ettringite Formation in Lime-Remediated Mine Tailings: I. Thermodynamic Modeling
,”
CIM Bulletin
, Vol.
88
, No.
995
, November/December 1995, pp.
69
–
75
.
22.
Moranville
,
M.
,
1995
, “
Implications of Curing Temperatures for Durability of Cement-Based Systems, Curing Temperatures and Durability
,”
Materials Research Society
, Fall Meeting 1995, Seminar on Mechanism of Chemical Degradation of Cement-Based Systems, pp.
1
–
8
.
23.
Negro
,
A.
,
1985
, “
Modèle mathéematique de l'expansion de l'ettringite
,”
Ciments, bétons, plâtres, chaux
, No. 756, pp.
319
–
326
.
24.
Odler
,
I.
 and
Chen
,
Y.
,
1996
, “
On the Delayed Expansion of Heat Cured Portland Cement Pastes and Concretes
,”
Cement and Concrete Composites
 0958-9465, Vol.
18
, June
1996
, pp.
181
–
185
.
25.
Patel
,
H. H.
,
Bland
,
C. H.
, and
Poole
,
A. B.
,
1996
, “
Microstructure and Sulfate Levels Within the Hydrated Matrix of Steam-Cured Concrete
,”
ICMA
,
Houston, TX
, April, pp.
112
–
124
.
26.
Patel
,
H. H.
,
Bland
,
C. H.
, and
Poole
,
A. B.
,
1995
, “
The Microstructure of Concrete Cured at Elevated Temperatures
,”
Cement and Concrete Research
 0008-8846, Vol.
25
, No.
3
,
1995
, pp.
485
–
490
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
27.
Petrov
,
N.
, “
Effets combinés de différents facteurs sur l'expansion des bétons causée par la formation différée de l'ettringite
,” Ph.D. thesis,
Université de Sherbrooke
,
2003
.
28.
Sahu
,
S.
,
Clark
,
B. A.
, and
Lee
,
R. J.
,
1998
, “
Delayed Ettringite Formation and the Mode of Concrete Failure
,”
Materials Science of Concrete ed.
, the Sydney Diamond symposium, pp.
379
–
394
.
29.
SCA A23.4-00, “
Precast Concrete-Materials and Construction/Code for Architectural and Structural Precast Concrete Products
,”
CSA International
,
2000
.
30.
Scrivener
,
K. L.
 and
Lewis
,
M. C.
,
1999
, “
Effect of Heat Curing on Expansion of Mortars and Composition of Calcium Silicate Hydrate Gel
,”
Ettringite the Sometimes Host of Destruction
, SP 177-7, pp.
93
–
104
.
31.
Scrivener
,
K. L.
 and
Taylor
,
H. F. W.
,
1993
, “
Delayed Ettringite Formation: A Microstructural and Microanalytical Study
,”
Advances in Cement Research
 0951-7197, Vol.
5
, No.
20
, pp.
139
–
146
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
32.
Scrivener
,
K. L.
,
2002
, “
Critical Role of Temperature in Expansion Due to Delayed Ettringite Formation
,”
ACI Fall 2002 Convention
, 27 October–1 November, 2002,
Phoenix, AZ
.
33.
Skalny
,
J.
,
Johansen
,
V.
,
Thaulow
,
N.
, and
Palomo
,
A.
,
1996
, “
As a Form of Sulfate Attack
,”
Materiales de construccion
, Vol.
46
, No.
244
, October–December, pp.
5
–
29
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
34.
Stark
,
J.
 and
Bollmann
,
K.
,
1999
, “
Laboratory and Field Examinations of Ettringite Formation in Pavement Concrete
,”
Ettringite the Sometimes Host of Destruction
, SP 177-12, pp.
183
–
198
.
35.
Stark
,
J.
 and
Ludwig
,
H. M.
,
1995
, “
The Influence of the Type of Cement on the Freeze-Thaw and Freeze-Deicing Salt Resistance of Concrete
,”
International Conference on Concrete Under Severe Conditions
, Vol.
1
,
“CONSEC” Sapporo/Japan
,
K.
 
Sakai
,
N.
 
Banthia
, and
O.
 
Gjorv
, Eds.,
E & FN Spon
, pp.
245
–
254
.
36.
Xu
,
A.
,
Shayan
,
A.
, and
Bauburamani
,
P.
,
1998
, “
Test Methods for Sulfate Resistance of Concrete and Mechanism of Sulfate Attack
,” State-of-the-Art Review,
ARRB Transport Research (Australian Road Research Board)
, Review Report 5.
This content is only available via PDF.
All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ASTM International.
You do not currently have access to this content.