Abstract
The single filament pull-out test is used to directly examine fiber-matrix interface bond strength. The experimental results exhibit a dual behavior in pull-out load as a function of initial embedded length. With increasing embedded length the pull-out load rises, then appears to reach an asymptote. This behavior can be explained by a fracture mechanics argument. In addition, the large experimental scatter is proposed to be inherent in the small test specimen and to be caused by imhomogeneity in surface energy of the smooth fibers tested.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
References
1.
Broutman
, L. J.
, “Measurement of the Fiber-Polymer Matrix Interfacial Strength
,” Interfaces in Composites
, STP 452, M. J.
Salkind
, Ed., American Society for Testing and Materials
, Philadelphia
, 1969
, pp. 27
-41
.2.
Andreevska
, G. D.
and Gorbatkina
, Yu. A.
, “Adhesion of Polymeric Binders to Glass Fiber
,” Industrial Engineering Chemistry, Prod. Res. Develop.
, 11
, 24
-26
(1972
).3.
Favre
, J.-P.
and Merienne
, M.-C.
, “Characterization of Fibre/Resin Bonding in Composites Using a Pull-Out Test
,” International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives
0143-7496, Vol. 1
, 1981
, pp. 311
-316
.4.
Eagles
, D. B.
,Blumentritt
, B. F.
, and Cooper
, S. L.
, “Interfacial Properties of Kevlar 49 Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastics
,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science
0021-8995, Vol. 20
, 1976
, pp. 435
-448
.5.
Penn
, L. S.
and Lee
, S. M.
, “Interpretation of the Force Trace for Kavlar/Epoxy Single Filament Pull-Out Tests
,” Fibre Science and Technology
0015-0568, Vol. 17
, 1982
, pp. 91
-97
.6.
Chua
, P. S.
and Piggott
, M. R.
, “The Glass Fiber-Polymer Interface: I—Theoretical Consideration for Single Filament Pull-Out Test
,” Composites Science and Technology
0266-3538 https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-3538(85)90089-2, Vol. 22
, 1985
, pp. 33
-42
.7.
Chua
, P. S.
and Piggott
, M. R.
, “The Glass Fiber-Polymer Interface: II—Work of Fracture and Shear Stresses
,” Composites Science Technology
, Vol. 22
, 1985
, pp. 107
-119
.8.
Miller
, B.
,Muri
, P.
, and Rebenfeld
, L.
, “A Microbond Method for Determination of the Shear Strength of a Fiber Resin Interface
,” Composites Science and Technology
0266-3538, Vol. 28
, 1987
, pp. 17
-32
.9.
deVekey
, R. C.
and Majumdar
, A. J.
, “Determining Bond Strength in Fibre-Reinforced Composites
,” Magazine of Concrete Research
, Vol. 20
, 1968
, pp. 228
-234
.10.
Tattersall
, G. H.
and Urbanowicz
, C. R.
, “Bond Strength in Steel-Fibre-Reinforced Concrete
,” Magazine Concrete Research
, Vol. 26
, 1974
, pp. 105
-113
.11.
Penn
, L. S.
,Bystry
, F.
,Karp
, W.
, and Lee
, S.
, “Aramid/Epoxy vs. Graphite/Epoxy: Origin of the Difference in Strength at the Interface
,” Molecular Characterization of Composite Interfaces
, H.
Ishida
and G.
Kumar
, Eds., Polymer Science and Technology Series, Vol. 27
, Plenum Press
, New York
, 1985
, pp. 93
-109
.12.
Penn
, L. S.
,Bystry
, F. A.
, and Marchionni
, H. J.
, “Relation of Interfacial Adhesion in Kevlar/Epoxy Systems to Surface Characterization and Composite Performance
,” Polymer Composites
, Vol. 4
, 1983
, pp. 26
-31
.13.
Greszczuk
, L. B.
, “Theoretical Studies of the Mechanics of the Fiber-Matrix Interface in Composites
,” Interface in Composites
, STP 452, American Society for Testing and Materials
, Philadelphia
, 1969
, pp. 42
-58
.14.
Lawrence
, P.
, “Some Theoretical Considerations of Fibre Pull-Out from an Elastic Matrix
,” Journal of Materials Science
0022-2461 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00549541, Vol. 7
, 1972
, pp. 1
-6
.15.
Gray
, R. J.
, “Analysis of the Effect of Embedded Fibre Length on Fiber Debonding and Pull-Out From an Elastic Matrix
,” Journal of Materials Science
0022-2461 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00540456, Vol. 19
, 1984
, pp. 861
-870
.16.
Bartos
, P.
, “Analysis of Pull-Out Tests on Fibres Embedded in Brittle Matrices
,” Journal of Materials Science
0022-2461, Vol. 15
, 1980
, pp. 3122
-3128
.17.
Sarma
, A. V.
,Murthy
, P. N.
, and Kushwaha
, P. S.
, “Stress Diffusion in a Pull-Out Model
,” Fibre Science and Technology
0015-0568, Vol. 12
, 1979
, pp. 129
-138
.18.
Piggott
, M. R.
,Sanadi
, A.
,Chua
, P. S.
, and Andison
, D.
, “Mechanical Interactions in the Interphasial Region of Fiber Reinforced Thermosets
,” Proceedings First International Conference on the Composites Interface
, H.
Ishida
and J. L.
Koenig
, Eds., Elsevier
, Amsterdam, OH
, 27–30 May 1986, pp. 109
-121
.19.
Outwater
, J. O.
and Murphy
, M. C.
, “Fracture Energy of Unidirectional Laminates
,” Modern Plastics
0026-8275, Vol. 47
, 1970
, pp. 160
-169
.20.
Piggott
, M. R.
, “Debonding and Friction at Fibre-Polymer Interfaces. I: Criteria for Failure and Sliding
,” Composites Science and Technology
0266-3538, Vol. 30
, 1987
, pp. 295
-306
.21.
Gent
, A. N.
,Fielding-Russell
, G. S.
,Livingston
, D. I.
, and Nicholson
, D. W.
, “Failure of Cord-Rubber Composites by Pull-Out or Transverse Fracture
,” Journal of Materials Science
0022-2461, Vol. 16
, 1981
, pp. 949
-956
.22.
Piggott
, M. R.
and Chua
, P. S.
, “Recent Studies of the Glass Fibre-Polymer Interphase
,” Industrial Engineering Chemical Product Research Development
, Vol. 26
, 1986
, pp. 672
-701
.23.
Johnson
, R. E.
and Dettre
, R. H.
, “Contact Angle Hysteresis. III. Study of an Idealized Heterogeneous Surface
,” Journal of Physics and Chemistry
, Vol. 68
, 1964
, pp. 1744
-1750
.24.
Tamai
, Y.
,Makuuchi
, K.
, and Suzuki
, M.
, “Experimental Analysis of Interfacial Forces at the Plane Surface of Solids
,” Journal of Physics and Chemistry
, Vol. 71
, 1967
, pp. 4176
-4179
.25.
Johnson
, R. E.
, Jr. and Dettre
, R. H.
, “Contact Angles and Monolayer Depletion
,” Journal of Adhesion
, Vol. 2
, 1970
, pp. 3
-15
.26.
Neumann
, A. W.
and Good
, R. J.
, “Thermodynamics of Contact Angles: I. Heterogeneous Solid Surfaces
,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
, Vol. 38
, 1972
, pp. 341
-358
.27.
Boruvka
, L.
and Neumann
, A. W.
, “An Analytical Solution of the LaPlace Equation for the Shape of Liquid Surfaces Near a Stripwise Heterogeneous Wall
,” Journal of Colloid and Interace Science
, Vol. 65
, 1978
, pp. 315
-330
.28.
Neumann
, A. W.
,Economopolis
, O.
,Boruvka
, L.
, and Rapacchietta
, A. V.
, “Free Energy Analysis of Heterogeneous Cylindrical Particles at Fluid Interfaces
,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
, Vol. 71
, 1979
, pp. 293
-300
.29.
Penn
, L. S.
and Miller
, B.
, “Advancing, Receding, and Equilibrium Contact Angles
,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
, Vol. 77
, 1980
, pp. 574
-576
.30.
Penn
, L. S.
and Miller
, B.
, “A Study of the Primary Cause of Contact Angle Hysteresis on Some Polymeric Solids
,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
, Vol. 78
, 1980
, pp. 238
-241
.31.
Penn
, L. S.
and Bowler
, E. R.
, “A New Approach to Surface Energy Characterization for Adhesive Performance Prediction
,” Surface and Interface Analysis
0142-2421, Vol. 3
, 1981
, pp. 161
-164
.32.
Neumann
, A. W.
and Good
, R. J.
, “Techniques of Measuring Contact Angles
,” Surface and Colloid Science
, Vol. 11
, R. J.
Good
and R. R.
Stromberg
, Eds., Plenum Press
, New York
, 1979
, pp. 31
-91
.33.
Miller
, B.
,Penn
, L.
, and Hedvat
, S.
, “Wetting Force Measurements on Single Fibers
,” Colloids and Surfaces
0166-6622, Vol. 6
, 1983
, pp. 49
-61
.34.
Penn
, L. S.
,Byerley
, T. J.
, and Liao
, T. K.
, “A Study of Reactive Functional Groups in Adhesive Bonding at the Aramid-Epoxy Interface
,” Journal of Adhesion
, Vol. 23
, 1988
, pp. 163
-185
.35.
Drzal
, L.
, Michigan State University
, East Lansing, author comments on published results in L. Drzal, “Interfacial Behavior of Aramid and Graphite Fibers in an Epoxy Matrix
,” Proceedings of the 15th National SAMPE Technical Conference
, Cincinnati, OH
, 1983
, pp. 190
-201
.
This content is only available via PDF.
All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ASTM International.
You do not currently have access to this content.