Abstract

Compulsive gambling is a mental disorder which affects an estimated 3% of the adult population of the United States. This psychological addiction is often associated with other addictive behaviors and with criminal activities.

Attorneys and judges have only minimal training in understanding mental disorders. Few know the differences in types of gamblers, understand the nature and progression of the disorder, or know the types of crimes committed by compulsive gamblers; nor are they aware of treatment options.

The expert witness must not only evaluate the defendant, but must also educate the defense and prosecuting attorneys, probation and parole officers, and the judge. In this regard, the expert must consider factors binding upon the legal and judicial systems, the potential for restitution for the victims, and treatment options for the compulsive gambler.

Guidelines and frequent problems encountered by the compulsive gambling expert witness are included.

References

1.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
, 3rd ed.,
American Psychiatric Association
,
Washington, DC
,
1980
.
2.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
, 3rd ed., revised.
American Psychiatric Association
,
Washington, DC
,
1987
.
3.
Lesieur
,
H. R.
,
The Chase: Career of the Compulsive Gambler
,
Anchor Books
,
Garden City, NY
,
1977
.
4.
Lesieur
,
H. R.
, “
Gambling, Pathological Gambling, and Crime
,” in
The Handbook of Pathological Gambling
,
T.
Galski
, Ed.,
Charles C Thomas
,
Springfield, IL
,
1987
.
5.
Brown
,
R. I. F.
, “
Pathological Gambling and Associated Patterns of Crime: Comparisons with Alcohol and Other Drug Addictions
,”
Journal of Gambling Behavior
, Vol.
3
, No.
2
,
1987
, pp.
98
-
114
.
6.
Final Report
,
U.S. Commission on the Review of the National Policy Toward Gambling. U.S. Government Printing Office
, Washington, DC,
1976
.
7.
Culleton
,
R. P.
and
Lang
,
M. H.
,
The Prevalence Rate of Pathological Gambling in the Delaware Valley in 1984
,
Forum for Policy Research and Public Service, Rutgers University
,
Camden, NJ
,
1985
.
8.
Survey of Pathological Gamblers in the State of Ohio
.
Ohio State Lottery Commission, Transition Planning Associates
,
Philadelphia
,
1986
.
9.
Sharing Recovery Through Gamblers Anonymous
,
Gamblers Anonymous
,
Los Angeles
,
1984
.
10.
Lorenz
,
V. C.
and
Yaffee
,
R. A.
, “
Pathological Gambling: Psychosomatic, Emotional, and Marital Difficulties as Reported by the Gambler
,”
Journal of Gambling Behaviour
, Vol.
2
, No.
1
,
1986
, pp.
40
-
49
.
11.
Custer
,
R. L.
and
Milt
,
H.
,
When Luck Runs Out
,
Warner Books
,
New York
,
1985
.
12.
Lorenz
,
V. C.
,
Pathological Gambling: Characteristics of the Gambler, Its Impact Upon the Family, and the Effectiveness of GamAnon
,Master's thesis,
Pennsylvania State University
, Middletown, PA,
1978
.
13.
Taber
,
J. I.
and
Boston
,
M. D.
, “
Developmental Vulnerability and Dysphoria in the Etiology of Addictions Behavior
,” paper presented at
7th International Conference on Gambling and Risk-Taking
,
University of Nevada/Reno
,
08
1987
.
14.
Gaboury
,
A.
and
Ladouceur
,
R.
, “
Irrational Thinking and Gambling
,” paper presented at the
7th International Conference on Gambling and Risk-Taking
,
University of Nevada/Reno
,
08
1987
.
15.
Jacobs
,
D. F.
, “
A General Theory of Addictions: A New Theoretical Model
,”
Journal of Gambling Behavior
, Vol.
2
, No.
1
,
1986
, pp.
15
-
31
.
16.
Fuller
,
N. P.
,
Taber
,
J. I.
, and
Wittman
,
G. W.
, “
On the Irrelevance of Substances in Defining Addictive Disorders
,” paper presented at the
7th International Conference on Gambling and Risk-Taking
,
University of Nevada/Reno
,
08
1987
.
17.
Roy
,
A.
,
Custer
,
R. L.
,
Lorenz
,
V. C.
, and
Linnoila
,
H. D.
, “
A Search for Biological Substrates to Pathological Gambling
,” paper presented at the
7th International Conference on Gambling and Risk-Taking
,
University of Nevada/Reno
,
08
1987
.
18.
Crotty
,
H. D.
, “
The History of Insanity as a Defense to Crime in English Criminal Law
,”
California Law Review
 0008-1221, Vol.
12
,
1924
, pp.
105
-
123
.
19.
Platt
,
A. M.
and
Diamond
,
B. L.
, “
The Origins and Development of the ‘Wild Beast’ Concept of Mental Illness and Its Relation to Theories of Criminal Responsibility
,”
Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences
, Vol.
1
,
1965
, pp.
355
-
367
.
20.
M'Naghten's Case, 8 Eng. Rep. 718, 722 (H. L.
1843
).
21.
Parsons v. State, 81 Ala. 577, 2 So. 854 (
1966
).
22.
Durham v. United States, 214 F.2d 862 (D.C. Cir.
1954
).
23.
U.S. v. Brawner, 471 F.2d 969 (D.C. Cir.
1972
).
24.
Rose
,
I. N.
, “
Compulsive Gambling and the Law: From Sin to Vice to Disease
,” in
Compulsive Gambling and the Law
,
I. N.
Rose
and
V. C.
Lorenz
, Eds., special issue of the
Journal of Gambling Behavior
, Vol.
4
, No.
4
, Winter
1988
, pp.
240
-
260
.
25.
Model Penal Code
,
American Law Institute
,
Philadelphia
,
1962
.
26.
Insanity Defense Reform Act, 18 U.S.C. Sec. 20 (
1984
).
27.
Manual for Courts-Martial
,
Uniform Code of Military Justice, United States
,
1984
.
28.
Frye v. United States, 2293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir.
1923
).
29.
U.S. Postal Service v. National Association of Letter Carriers. No. 87-59,
27
04
1988
, 26 G.E.R.R. 671, 2 May 1988; 26 G.E.R.R. 772, 23 May 1988.
30.
Rezza v. Department of Justice, DC ED PA, No. 87-6732,
12
05
1988
; Daily Labor Report, No. 97, 19 May 1988, A-7.
31.
United States v. Lattner, U.S. District Court ED No. CR88-020,
07
1988
.
32.
Blackstone
,
W.
,
Commentaries on the Laws of England
,
Callaghan and Company
,
Chicago
,
1899
.
33.
Fingarette
,
H.
,
The Meaning of Criminal Insanity
,
University of California Press
,
Berkeley
,
1972
.
34.
Fingarette
,
H.
and
Hasse
,
A.
,
Mental Disabilities and Criminal Responsibility
,
University of California Press
,
Berkeley
,
1979
.
35.
Goldstein
,
A. S.
,
The Insanity Defense
,
Yale University Press
,
New York
,
1967
.
36.
Hart
,
H. L. A.
,
Punishment and Responsibility
,
Oxford Press
,
New York
,
1968
.
37.
Hermann
,
D. H.
, “
Assault on the Insanity Defense: Limitations on the Effectiveness and Effect of the Defense of Insanity
,
Rutgers Law Journal
, Vol.
14
,
1983
, pp.
241
-
271
.
38.
LaFave
,
W.
and
Scott
,
A.
,
Handbook on Criminal Law
,
West Publishing Co.
,
St. Paul, MN
,
1972
.
39.
Livermore
,
J. M.
and
Meehl
,
P. E.
, “
The Virtues of M'Naghten
,”
Minnesota Law Review
, Vol.
51
,
1967
, pp.
789
-
856
.
40.
Sayre
,
F. B.
, “
Mens rea
,”
Harvard Law Review
 0017-811X, Vol.
45
,
1932
, pp.
974
-
1026
.
41.
McGraw
,
B.
,
Farthing-Capowich
,
D.
, and
Keilitz
,
I.
, “
The ‘Guilty But Mentally Ill’ Plea and Verdict: Current State of the Knowledge
,”
Villanova Law Review
, Vol.
30
,
1985
, pp.
117
-
191
.
42.
Roberts
,
C. F.
,
Golding
,
S. L.
, and
Fincham
,
F. D.
, “
Implicit Theories of Criminal Responsibility: Decision Making and the Insanity Defense
,”
Law and Human Behavior
 0147-7307, Vol.
11
, No.
3
,
1987
, pp.
207
-
232
.
43.
Hans
,
V. P.
and
Slater
,
D.
, “
John Hinckley, Jr. and the Insanity Defense: The Public's Verdict
,”
Public Opinion Quarterly
 0033-362X, Vol.
47
,
1983
, pp.
202
-
212
.
44.
Harris
,
J. D.
, “
Not Guilty But Mentally Ill: A Critical Analysis
,”
Rutgers Law Journal
, Vol.
14
,
1983
, pp.
453
-
477
.
45.
Gibson
,
R. E.
, “
Recommending Sentence—N. Z. Probation Officers Pre-Sentence Reports
,”
Australia and New Zealand Journal of Criminology
, Vol.
6
,
1973
, pp.
231
-
239
.
46.
Thorpe
,
J.
and
Pease
,
K.
, “
The Relationship Between Recommendations made to the Court and Sentences Passed
,”
British Journal of Criminology
, Vol.
16
,
1976
, pp.
339
-
394
.
This content is only available via PDF.
You do not currently have access to this content.