Abstract
Electronic imaging equipment originally developed to illustrate aging of missing persons has been utilized in facial reproduction from skeletal remains. The technique produces rapid, economical, and realistic facial images in a manner that eliminates the need for photography and maximizes interaction and communication between the artist and the anthropologist.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
References
1.
Caldwell
, P. C.
, “New Questions (and Some Answers) on the Facial Reproduction Techniques
,” Forensic Osteology
, K. J.
Reichs
, Ed., Charles C Thomas
, Springfield, IL
, 1986
, pp. 229
-255
.2.
Stewart
, T. D.
, “Reconstruction of Facial Soft Parts
,” Essentials of Forensic Anthropology
, Charles C Thomas
, Springfield, IL
, 1979
, pp. 255
-274
.3.
Welcker
, H.
, Schiller's Schädel und Todenmaske, nebst Mittheilungen über Schädel und Todenmaske Kants
, Braunschweig
, Germany
, 1883
.4.
His
, W.
, “Anatomische Forschungen ueber Johann Sebastian Bach's Gebeine und Antlitz' nebst Bemerkungen ueber dessen Bilder
,” Abhandlungen der Saechsischen Gesellschaft und Wissenschaften zu Leipz
, Vol. 22
, 1895
, pp. 379
-420
.5.
Kollmann
, J.
, “Die Weichteile des Gesichts und die Persistenz der Rassen
,” Anatomischer Anzeiger
0003-2786, Vol. 15
, 1898
, pp. 165
-177
.6.
Krogman
, W. M.
, “From Skull to Head: Restoration of Physiognomic Details
,” The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine
, Charles C Thomas
, Springfield, IL
, 1962
, pp. 244
-276
.7.
Gerasimov
, M. M.
, The Face Finder
, J. B. Lippincott Co.
, Philadelphia, PA
, 1971
.8.
Gatliff
, B. P.
, “Facial Sculpture on the Skull for Identification
,” American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology
0195-7910, Vol. 5
, No. 4
, 1984
, pp. 327
-331
.9.
Gatliff
, B. P.
and Snow
, C. C.
, “From Skull to Visage
,” Journal of Biocommunication
0094-2499, Vol. 6
, 1979
, pp. 27
-30
.10.
Ilan
, E.
, “Identifying Skeletal Remains
,” International Criminal Police Review
, Vol. 175
, 1964
, pp. 42
-45
.11.
Rhine
, J. S.
, “Facial Reproduction in Court
,” Human Identification: Case Studies in Forensic Anthropology
, T. A.
Rathbun
and J. E.
Buikstra
, Eds., Charles C Thomas
, Springfield, IL
, 1984
, pp. 357
-362
.12.
Rathbun
, T. A.
, “Personal Identification: Facial Reproductions
,” Human Identification: Case Studies in Forensic Anthropology
, T. A.
Rathbun
and J. E.
Buikstra
, Eds., Charles C Thomas
, Springfield, IL
, 1984
, pp. 347
-356
.13.
Ubelaker
, D. H.
, Human Skeletal Remains: Excavation, Analysis, Interpretation
, 2nd ed., Smithsonian Institution
, Washington, DC
, 1989
.14.
Snow
, C. C.
, Gatliff
, B. P.
, and McWilliams
, K. R.
, “Reconstruction of Facial Features from the Skull: An Evaluation of Its Usefulness in Forensic Anthropology
,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology
0002-9483, Vol. 33
, 1970
, pp. 221
-228
.15.
Krogman
, W. M.
, “The Reconstruction of the Living Head from the Skull
,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin
, Vol. 15
, 1946
, pp. 11
-18
.16.
Kollmann
, J.
and Büchley
, W.
, “Die Persistenz der Rassen und die Rekonstruktion der Physiognomie Praehistorisher Schadel
,” Archiv für Anthropologie
, Vol. 25
, 1898
, pp. 329
-359
.17.
Suzuki
, K.
, “On the Thickness of the Soft Parts of the Japanese Face
,” Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon
, Vol. 60
, 1948
, pp. 7
-11
.18.
Dumont
, E. R.
, “Mid-facial Tissue Depths of White Children: An Aid in Facial Feature Reconstruction
,” Journal of Forensic Sciences
0022-1198, Vol. 31
, No. 4
, 10
1986
, pp. 1463
-1469
.19.
Hodson
, G.
, Lieberman
, L. S.
, and Wright
, P.
, “In Vivo Measurements of Facial Tissue Thicknesses in American Caucasoid Children
,” Journal of Forensic Sciences
0022-1198, Vol. 30
, No. 4
, 10
1985
, pp. 1100
-1112
.20.
Rhine
, J. S.
and Moore
, C. E. II
, “Facial Reproduction: Tables of Facial Tissue Thicknesses of American Caucasoids in Forensic Anthropology
,” Maxwell Museum Technical Series, No. 1
, 1982
.21.
Rhine
, J. S.
and Campbell
, H. R.
, “Thickness of Facial Tissues in American Blacks
,” Journal of Forensic Sciences
0022-1198, Vol. 25
, No. 4
, 10
1980
, pp. 847
-858
.22.
Subtelny
, J. D.
, “A Longitudinal Study of Soft Tissue Facial Structures and Their Profile Characteristics Defined in Relation to Underlying Skeletal Structures
,” American Journal of Orthodontics
0002-9416, Vol. 45
, 1959
, pp. 481
-507
.23.
Singal
, P.
and Sidhu
, L. S.
, “A Study of Cephalo-facial Measurements from Age 20 to 80 in Jat-Sikh and Bania Females of the Punjab (India)
,” Anthropologischer Anzeiger
0003-5548, Vol. 44
, 1986
, pp. 361
-371
.24.
Susanne
, C.
, “Individual Age Changes of the Morphological Characteristics
,” Journal of Human Evolution
0047-2484, Vol. 6
, 1977
, pp. 181
-189
.25.
Sutton
, P. R. N.
, “Bizygomatic Diameter: The Thickness of the Soft Tissues over the Zygions
,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology
0002-9483, Vol. 30
, 1969
, pp. 303
-310
.26.
Stewart
, T. D.
, “The Points of Attachment of the Palpebral Ligaments: Their Use in Facial Reconstructions on the Skull
,” Journal of Forensic Sciences
0022-1198, Vol. 28
, No. 4
, 10
1983
, pp. 858
-863
.27.
Schultz
, A. H.
, “Relation of the External Nose to the Bony Nose and Nasal Cartilages in Whites and Negroes
,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology
0002-9483, Vol. 1
, 1918
, pp. 329
-338
.28.
Suk
, V.
, “Fallacies of Anthropological Identifications and Reconstructions: A Critique Based on Anatomical Dissection
,” Proceedings
, 16th International Congress on Anthropology and Prehistoric Archeology, Kraus-Thomson Organization Ltd., Brussels, Belgium
, 1936
, pp. 42
-51
.29.
Macho
, G. A.
, “An Appraisal of Plastic Reconstruction of the External Nose
,” Journal of Forensic Sciences
0022-1198, Vol. 31
, No. 4
, 10
1986
, pp. 1391
-1403
.30.
Macho
, G. A.
, “Descriptive Morphological Features of the Nose—An Assessment of Their Importance for Plastic Reconstruction
,” Journal of Forensic Sciences
0022-1198, Vol. 34
, No. 4
, 07
1989
, pp. 902
-911
.31.
Maples
, W. R.
, Gatliff
, B. P.
, Ludeña
, H.
, Benfer
, R.
, and Goza
, W.
, “The Death and Mortal Remains of Francisco Pizarro
,” Journal of Forensic Sciences
0022-1198, Vol. 34
, No. 4
, 07
1989
, pp. 1021
-1036
.32.
Glassman
, D. M.
, Gatliff
, B. P.
, and McGregor
, R.
, “Applications of Facial Sculpturing to the Biological Study of an Archaeological Population
,” Plains Anthropologist
, Vol. 34
, 1989
, pp. 223
-231
.33.
Krogman
, W. M.
and İşcan
, M. Y.
, “Restoration of Physiognomy
,” The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine
, 2nd ed., Charles C Thomas
, Springfield, IL
, 1986
, pp. 413
-457
.34.
George
, R. M.
, “The Lateral Craniographic Method of Facial Reconstruction
,” Journal of Forensic Sciences
0022-1198, Vol. 32
, No. 5
, 09
1987
, pp. 1305
-1330
35.
Gillman
, J.
, “Restoration of Mummified Tissues
,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology
0002-9483, Vol. 18
, 1934
, pp. 363
-369
.36.
Angel
, J. L.
, “Graphic Reproduction of the Head and Face from the Skull
,” Scientific Illustration—1986: Selected Papers from the Seventh Annual Conference of the Guild of Natural Science Illustrators
, Washington, DC
, 1986
.37.
Cherry
, D. G.
and Angel
, J. L.
, “Personality Reconstruction from Unidentified Remains
,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin
, Vol. 48
, 1977
, pp. 12
-15
.
This content is only available via PDF.
All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ASTM International.
You do not currently have access to this content.