Abstract
A number of treatment methods have been investigated in the laboratory or full scale to remove arsenic from drinking water and to remediate arsenic-contaminated sites. This paper gives a review on the advanced technologies for the treatment of arsenic-contaminated soils and water. Treatment methods such as oxidation, anion exchange, membrane separation, and adsorption/precipitation have been developed to remove arsenic from drinking water or groundwater. However, further research is needed to find new and more efficient substitute materials for the ion exchange resins, membranes, and adsorbents to improve the treatment and cost efficiencies. A stabilization/solidification method has been demonstrated successfully to contain arsenic in contaminated soils, sediments, and solid wastes. Vitrification is also applicable but may be more expensive due to the high energy requirements. Electrochemical methods based on electrokinetics are emerging. Especially, electrokinetics and electrodialysis are suited for fine-grained soils. Chemical extraction, either in-situ or ex-situ, can be efficient to remove bulk arsenic from contaminated soils and solid wastes. Selection of proper extractants is the key to the success of this method. Bioremediation, phytoremediation, and natural attenuation show great potential for future developments because of their environmental compatibility and cost effectiveness. Generally, it is critical to recognize that no single specific technology may be considered as generally applicable. Combination of existing technologies may provide an efficient and cost-effective treatment alternative. Use of biodegradable and environmentally benign products to enhance the remediation processes should be further investigated.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
References
1.
Wang
, S.
, and Mulligan
, C. N.
, “Occurrence of Arsenic Contamination in Canada: Sources, Behavior and Distribution
,” Sci. Total Environ.
0048-9697, Vol. 366
, 2006
, pp. 701
–721
.2.
Wang
, S.
, and Mulligan
, C. N.
, “Effect of Natural Organic Matter on Arsenic Release from Soil and Sediments into Groundwater
,” Environ. Geochem. Health
0269-4042, Vol. 28
, 2006
, pp. 197
–214
.3.
WHO
, Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Recommendations
, World Health Organization
, Geneva, Switzerland
, 1993
.4.
Gray
, J. R.
, Khalil
, A.
, and Prior
, J. C.
, “Acute Arsenic Toxicity: An Opaque Poison
,” Can. Assoc. Radiol. J.
, Vol. 40
, 1989
, pp. 226
–227
.5.
Sheppard
, S. C.
, “Summary of Phytotoxic Levels of Soil Arsenic
,” Water, Air, Soil Pollut.
0049-6979, Vol. 64
, 1992
, pp. 539
–550
.6.
Belzile
, N.
, and Tessier
, A.
, “Interactions Between Arsenic and Iron Oxyhydroxides in Lacustrine Sediments
,” Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
0016-7037 https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(90)90198-T, Vol. 54
, 1990
, pp. 103
–109
.7.
Wang
, S.
, and Mulligan
, C. N.
, “Speciation and Surface Structure of Inorganic Arsenic in Solid Phases: A Review
,” Environ. Int.
0160-4120, Vol. 34
, 2008
, pp. 867
–879
.8.
Nickson
, R. T.
, McArthur
, J. M.
, Ravenscroft
, P.
, Burgess
, W. G.
, and Ahmed
, K. M.
, “Mechanism of Arsenic Release to Groundwater, Bangladesh and West Bengal
,” Appl. Geochem.
0883-2927, Vol. 15
, 2000
, pp. 403
–413
.9.
Wang
, S.
, and Mulligan
, C. N.
, “Natural Attenuation Processes for Remediation of Arsenic Contaminated Soils and Groundwater
,” J. Hazard. Mater.
0304-3894 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.09.048, Vol. 138
, 2006
, pp. 459
–470
.10.
Jain
, A.
, and Loeppert
, R. H.
, “Effect of Competing Anions on the Adsorption of Arsenate and Arsenite Ferrihydrite
,” J. Environ. Qual.
0047-2425, Vol. 29
, 2000
, pp. 1422
–1430
.11.
Zobrist
, J.
, Dowdle
, P. R.
, Davis
, J. A.
, and Oremland
, R. S.
, “Mobilization of Arsenite by Dissimilatory Reduction of Adsorbed Arsenate
,” Environ. Sci. Technol.
0013-936X https://doi.org/10.1021/es001068h, Vol. 34
, 2000
, pp. 4747
–4753
.12.
Macur
, P. E.
, Wheeler
, J. T.
, McDermott
, T. R.
, and Inskeep
, W. P.
, “Microbial Population Associated with the Reduction and Enhanced Mobilization of Arsenic in Mine Tailings
,” Environ. Sci. Technol.
0013-936X, Vol. 35
, 2001
, pp. 3676
–3682
.13.
Gihring
, T. M.
, Druschel
, G. K.
, McCleskey
, R. B.
, Hamers
, R. J.
, and Banfield
, J. F.
, “Rapid Arsenite Oxidation by Thermus aquaticus and Thermus thermophilus: Field and Laboratory Investigations
,” Environ. Sci. Technol.
0013-936X https://doi.org/10.1021/es010816f, Vol. 35
, 2001
, pp. 3857
–3862
.14.
Mouchet
, P.
, “From Conventional to Biological Removal of Iron and Manganese in France
,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc.
0003-150X, Vol. 84
, 1992
, pp. 158
–166
.15.
Katsoyiannis
, I. A.
, and Zouboulis
, A. I.
, “Application of Biological Processes for the Removal of Arsenic from Groundwaters
,” Water Res.
0043-1354 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2003.09.011, Vol. 38
, 2004
, pp. 17
–26
.16.
Cummings
, D. E.
, Caccavo
, F.
, Fendorf
, S.
, and Rosenzweig
, R. F.
, “Arsenic Mobilization by the Dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing Bacterium Shewanella Alga BrY
,” Environ. Sci. Technol.
0013-936X https://doi.org/10.1021/es980541c, Vol. 33
, 1999
, pp. 723
–729
.17.
Ma
, L. Q.
, Komar
, K. M.
, Tu
, C.
, Zhang
, W.
, Cai
, Y.
, and Kennelley
, E. D.
, “A Fern that Hyperaccumulates Arsenic
,” Nature (London)
0028-0836 https://doi.org/10.1038/35054664, Vol. 409
, 2001
, p. 579.18.
Visoottiviseth
, P.
, Francesconi
, K.
, and Sridokchan
, W.
, “The potential of Thai Indigenous Plant Species for the Phytoremediation of Arsenic Contaminated Land
,” Environ. Pollut.
0269-7491, Vol. 118
, 2002
, pp. 453
–461
.19.
Mkandawire
, M.
, and Dudel
, E. G.
, “Accumulation of Arsenic in Lemna gibba L. (duckweed) in Tailing Waters of Two Abandoned Uranium Mining Sites in Saxony, Germany
,” Sci. Total Environ.
0048-9697, Vol. 336
, 2005
, pp. 81
–89
.20.
Waring
, J.
, and Maher
, W.
, “Arsenic Bioaccumulation and Species in Marine Polychaeta
,” Appl. Organomet. Chem.
0268-2605, Vol. 19
, 2005
, pp. 917
–929
.21.
Cherry
, J. A.
, Shaikh
, A. U.
, Tallman
, D. E.
, and Nicholson
, R. V.
, “Arsenic Species as an Indicator of Redox Conditions in Groundwater
,” J. Hydrol.
0022-1694 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(79)90182-3, Vol. 43
, 1979
, pp. 373
–392
.22.
Driehaus
, W.
, Seith
, R.
, and Jekel
, M.
, “Oxidation of As(III) with Manganese Oxides in Water Treatment
,” Water Res.
0043-1354 https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)E0089-O, Vol. 29
, 1995
, pp. 297
–305
.23.
Kim
, M. J.
, and Nriagu
, J.
, “Oxidation of Arsenite in Groundwater Using Ozone and Oxygen
,” Sci. Total Environ.
0048-9697 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00470-2, Vol. 247
, 2000
, pp. 71
–79
.24.
Hug
, S. J.
, and Leupin
, O.
, “Iron-Catalyzed Oxidation of Arsenic (III) by Oxygen and by Hydrogen Peroxide: pH-Dependent Formation of Oxidants in the Fenton Reaction
,” Environ. Sci. Technol.
0013-936X, Vol. 37
, 2003
, pp. 2734
–2742
.25.
Khoe
, G. H.
, Zaw
, M.
, Prasad
, P. S.
, and Emett
, M. T.
, “Photo-assisted oxidation of inorganic species in aqueous solutions
,” PCT/AU98/00576, 1998
.26.
Zaw
, M.
, and Emett
, M. T.
, “Arsenic Removal from Water using Advanced Oxidation Processes
,” Toxicol. Lett.
0378-4274, Vol. 133
, 2002
, pp. 113
–118
.27.
Emett
, M. T.
, and Khoe
, G. H.
, “Photochemical Oxidation of Arsenic by Oxygen and Iron in Acidic Solutions
,” Water Res.
0043-1354, Vol. 35
, 2001
, pp. 649
–656
.28.
Kocar
, B. D.
, and Inskeep
, W. P.
, “Photochemical Oxidation of As(III) in Ferrioxalate Solutions
,” Environ. Sci. Technol.
0013-936X, Vol. 37
, 2003
, pp. 1581
–1588
.29.
Bissen
, M.
, Vieillard-Baron
, M. M.
, Schindelin
, A. J.
, and Frimmel
, F. H.
, “TiO2-Catalyzed Photooxidation of As(III) to As(V) in Aqueous Samples
,” Chemosphere
0045-6535, Vol. 44
, 2001
, pp. 751
–757
.30.
USEPA
, “Arsenic Treatment Technology Evaluation Handbook for Small Systems
,” Office of Water (4606M), EPA 816-R-03-014, 2003
.31.
Mulligan
, C. N.
, Saiduzzaman
, A. K. M.
, and Hadjinicolaou
, J.
, “Optimization of the Removal of Arsenic from Groundwater using Ion Exchange
,” Natural Arsenic in Groundwater: Occurrence, Remediation and Management
, A. A.
Bundschuh
, P.
Bhattacharya
, and D.
Chandrasekharam
, Eds., A. A. Balkema Publishers
, London
, 2005
, pp. 237
–246
.32.
Tokunaga
, S.
, Wasay
, S. A.
, and Park
, S. W.
, “Removal of Arsenic(V) ion from Aqueous Solutions by Lanthanum Compounds
,” Water Sci. Technol.
0273-1223, Vol. 35
, 1999
, pp. 71
–78
.33.
Matsunaga
, H.
, Yokoyama
, T.
, Eldridge
, R. J.
, and Bolto
, B. A.
, “Adsorption Characteristics of Arsenic(III) and Arsenic(V) on Iron(III)-Loaded Chelating Resin Having Lysine-Nα, Nα-diacetic Acid
,” React. Funct. Polym.
1381-5148, Vol. 29
, 1996
, pp. 167
–174
.34.
Thirunavukkarasu
, O. S.
, Viraraghavan
, T.
, Subramanian
, K. S.
, and Tanjore
, S.
, “Organic Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water
,” Urban Water
1462-0758 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00029-8, Vol. 4
, 2002
, pp. 415
–421
.35.
Floch
, J.
, and Hideg
, M.
, “Application of ZW-1000 Membranes for Arsenic Removal from Water Sources
,” Desalination
0011-9164, Vol. 162
, 2004
, pp. 75
–83
.36.
Waypa
, J. J.
, Elimelech
, M.
, and Hering
, J. G.
, “Arsenic Removal by RO and NF Membranes
,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc.
0003-150X, Vol. 89
, 1997
, pp. 102
–114
.37.
Vrijenhoek
, E. M.
, and Waypa
, J. J.
, “Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water by a “Loose” Nanofiltration Membrane
,” Desalination
0011-9164, Vol. 130
, 2000
, pp. 265
–277
.38.
Edwards
, M.
, “Chemistry of Arsenic Removal During Coagulation and Fe-Mn Oxidation
,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc.
0003-150X, Vol. 86
, 1994
, pp. 64
–78
.39.
Ongley
, L. K.
, Armienta
, M. A.
, Heggeman
, K.
, Lathrop
, A. S.
, Mango
, H.
, Miller
, W.
, and Oickelner
, S.
, “Arsenic Removal from Contaminated Water by the Soyatal Formation, Zimapan Mining District, Mexico—a Potential Low-Cost Low-Tech Remediation System
,” Geochem.: Explor., Environ., Anal.
1467-7873, Vol. 1
, 2001
, pp. 23
–31
.40.
Pena
, M. E.
, Korfiatis
, G. P.
, Patel
, M.
, Lippincott
, L.
, and Meng
, X.
, “Adsorption of As(V) and As(III) by Nanocrystalline Titanium Dioxide
,” Water Res.
0043-1354, Vol. 39
, 2005
, pp. 2327
–2337
.41.
Zhang
, W.
, Singh
, P.
, Paling
, E.
, and Delids
, S.
, “Arsenic Removal from Contaminated Water by Natural Iron Ores
,” Minerals Eng.
0892-6875, Vol. 17
, 2004
, pp. 517
–524
.42.
Vaishya
, R. C.
, and Gupta
, S. K.
, “Arsenic Removal from Groundwater by Iron Impregnated Sand
,” J. Environ. Eng.
0733-9372 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2003)129:1(89), Vol. 129
, 2003
, pp. 89
–92
.43.
Matis
, K. A.
, Zouboulis
, A. I.
, Zamboulis
, D.
, and Valtadorou
, A. V.
, “Sorption of As(V) by Goethite Particles and Study of Their Flocculation
,” Water, Air, Soil Pollut.
0049-6979, Vol. 111
, 1999
, pp. 297
–316
.44.
Joshi
, A.
, and Chaudhuri
, M.
, “Removal of Arsenic from Groundwater by Iron Coated Sand
,” J. Environ. Eng.
0733-9372, Vol. 122
, 1996
, pp.769–771.45.
Nishimura
, T.
, and Tozawa
, K.
, “Removal of Arsenic from Wastewater by Addition of Calcium Hydroxides and Stabilization of Arsenic-Bearing Precipitates by calcinations
,” 15th Annual Hydrometallurgical Meeting, CIM Metallurgical Society, Vancouver, Canada
, 1984
, pp. 3/1–3/18.46.
Rosehart
, R.
, and Lee
, J.
, “Effective Methods of Arsenic Removal from Gold Mine Wastes
,” Can. Min. J.
, Vol. 93
, 1972
, pp. 53
–57
.47.
Gupta
, S. K.
, and Chen
, K. Y.
, “Arsenic Removal by Adsorption
,” J. Water Pollut. Control Fed.
0043-1303, Vol. 50
, 1978
, pp. 493
–506
.48.
Wang
, L.
, Chen
, A. S. C.
, Sorg
, T. J.
, and Fields
, K. A.
, “Field Evaluation of Arsenic Removal by IX and AA
,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc.
0003-150X, Vol. 94
, 2002
, pp. 161
–173
.49.
Singh
, D. B.
, Prasad
, G.
, and Rupainwar
, D. C.
, “Adsorption Technique for the Treatment of As(V)-Rich Effluents
,” Colloids Surf., A
0927-7757, Vol. 111
, 1996
, pp. 49
–56
.50.
Riveros
, P. A.
, Dutrizac
, J. E.
, and Spencer
, P.
, “Arsenic Disposal Practices in the Metallurgical Industry
,” Can. Metall. Q.
0008-4433, Vol. 40
, 2001
, pp. 395
–420
.51.
Bang
, S.
, Korfiatis
, G. P.
, and Meng
, X.
, “Removal of Arsenic from Water by Zero-Valent Iron
,” J. Hazard. Mater.
0304-3894, Vol. 121
, 2005
, pp. 61
–67
.52.
Lenoble
, V.
, Laclautre
, C.
, Deluchat
, V.
, Serpaud
, B.
, and Bollinger
, J. C.
, “Arsenic Removal by Adsorption on Iron(III) Phosphate
,” J. Hazard. Mater.
0304-3894, Vol. 123
, 2005
, pp. 262
–268
.53.
Bajpai
, S.
, and Chaudhuri
, M.
, “Removal of Arsenic from Ground Water by Manganese Dioxide-Coated Sand
,” J. Environ. Eng.
0733-9372 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:8(782), Vol. 125
, 1999
, pp. 782
–784
.54.
Ghimire
, K. N.
, Inoue
, K.
, Yamaguchi
, H.
, Makino
, K.
, and Miyajima
, T.
, “Adsorptive Separation of Arsenate and Arsenite Anions from Aqueous Medium by Using Orange Waste
,” Water Res.
0043-1354, Vol. 37
, 2003
, pp. 4945
–4953
.55.
LaGrega
, D. M.
, Buckinghm
, P. L.
, and Evans
, J. C.
, “Hazardous waste management
,” McGraw-Hill Inc
, Hightstown, NJ
, 1994
.56.
Dutre
, V.
, Kestens
, C.
, Schaep
, J.
, and Vandecasteele
, C.
, “Study of the Remediation of a Site Contaminated with Arsenic
,” Sci. Total Environ.
0048-9697, Vol. 220
, 1998
, pp. 185
–194
.57.
Fuessle
, R. W.
, and Taylor
, M. A.
, “Stabilization of Arsenic- and Barium-Rich Glass Manufacturing Waste
,” J. Environ. Eng.
0733-9372 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:3(272), Vol. 126
, 2000
, pp. 272
–278
.58.
Kumaravel
, T. S.
, and Palanivelu
, K.
, “Solidification/Stabilization of Hazardous Arsenic Waste from a Fertilizer Plant
,” J. Sci. Ind. Res.
0022-4456, Vol. 59
, 2000
, pp. 477
–481
.59.
Dermatas
, D.
, and Meng
, X.
, “Utilization of Fly Ash for Stabilization/Solidification (S/S) of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils
,” J. Eng. Geol.
, Vol. 2189
, 2003
, pp. 1
–18
.60.
Dutre
, V.
, and Vandecasteele
, C.
, “Solidification/Stabilization of Arsenic-Containing Waste: Leach Tests and Behavior of Arsenic in the Leachate
,” Waste Manage.
0956-053X https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-053X(95)00002-H, Vol. 15
, 1995
, pp. 55
–62
.61.
Smith
, A. L.
, Means
, J. L.
, Chen
, A.
, Alleman
, B.
, Chapman
, C. C.
, Tixier
, , J. S.
Jr., Brauning
, S. E.
, Gavaskar
, A. R.
, and Royer
, M. D.
, “Remedial Options for Metals-Contaminated Sites
,” Lewis Publishers
, Boca Raton, FL
, 1995
.62.
Jones
, D. A.
, Lelyveld
, T. P.
, Mavrofidis
, S. D.
, Kingman
, S. W.
, and Miles
, N. J.
, “Microwave Heating Applications in Environmental Engineering, A Review
,” Conserv. Recycl.
0921-3449 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-3449(01)00088-X, Vol. 34
, 2002
, pp. 75
–90
.63.
Mulligan
, C. N.
, Yong
, R. N.
, and Gibbs
, B. F.
, “An Evaluation of Technologies for the Heavy Metal Remediation of Dredged Sediments
,” J. Hazard. Mater.
0304-3894, Vol. 85
, 2001
, pp. 145
–163
.64.
Legiec
, I. A.
, Griffin
, L. P.
, Walling
, , P. D.
Jr., Breske
, T. C.
, Angelo
, M. S.
, Isaacson
, R. S.
, and Lanza
, M. B.
, “DuPont Soil Washing Technology Program and Treatment of Arsenic-Contaminated Soils
,” Environ. Prog.
0278-4491, Vol. 16
, 1997
, pp. 29
–34
.65.
Alam
, M. G. M.
, Tokunaga
, S.
, and Maekawa
, T.
, “Extraction of Arsenic in a Synthetic Arsenic-Contaminated Soil Using Phosphate
,” Chemosphere
0045-6535, Vol. 43
, 2001
, pp. 1035
–1041
.66.
Wasay
, S. A.
, Parker
, W.
, Van Geel
, P. J.
, Barrington
, S.
, and Tokunaga
, S.
, “Arsenic Pollution of Loam Soil: Retention Form and Decontamination
,” J. Soil Contaminat
1058-8337, Vol. 9
, 2000
, pp. 51
–64
.67.
Tokunaga
, S.
, and Hakuta
, T.
, “Acid Washing and Stabilization of an Artificial Arsenic-Contaminated Soil
,” Chemosphere
0045-6535, Vol. 46
, 2002
, pp. 31
–38
.68.
Wang
, S.
, and Mulligan
, C. N.
, “Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant-Enhanced Soil Flushing for the Removal of Arsenic and Heavy Metals from Mine Tailings
,” Proc. Biochem., 2008
, Accepted.69.
Wang
, S.
, and Mulligan
, C. N.
, “Enhanced Mobilization of Arsenic and Heavy Metals from Mine Tailings by Humic Acid
,” Chemosphere
0045-6535, 2008
, in press.70.
Kim
, S. O.
, Kim
, W. S.
, and Kim
, K. W.
, “Evaluation of Electrokinetic Remediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Soils
,” Environ. Geochem. Health
0269-4042 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-005-2673-z, Vol. 27
, 2005
, pp. 443
–453
.71.
Kumar
, P. R.
, Chaudhari
, S.
, Khilar
, K. C.
, and Mahajan
, S. P.
, “Removal of Arsenic from Water by Electrocoagulation
,” Chemosphere
0045-6535, Vol. 55
, 2004
, pp. 1245
–1252
.72.
Parga
, J. R.
, Cocke
, D. L.
, Valenzuela
, J. L.
, Gomes
, J. A.
, Kesmez
, M.
, Irwin
, G.
, Moreno
, H.
, and Weir
, M.
, “Arsenic Removal Via Electrocoagulation From Heavy Metal Contaminated Groundwater in La Comarca Lagunera Mexico
,” J. Hazard. Mater.
0304-3894, Vol. 124
, 2005
, pp. 247
–254
.73.
Ottosen
, L. M.
, Hansen
, H. K.
, Bech-Nielsen
, G.
, and Villumsen
, A.
, “Electrodialytic Remediation of an Arsenic and Copper Polluted Soil—Continuous Addition of Ammonia During the Process
,” Environ. Technol.
0959-3330, Vol. 21
, 2000
, pp. 1421
–1428
.74.
Seidel
, H.
, Mattusch
, J.
, Wennrich
, R.
, Morgenstern
, P.
, and Ondruschka
, J.
, “Mobilization of Arsenic and Heavy Metals from Contaminated Sediments by Changing the Environmental Conditions
,” Acta Biotechnol.
0138-4988, Vol. 22
, 2002
, pp. 153
–160
.75.
Deng
, T.
, and Liao
, M.
, “Gold Recovery Enhancement from a Refractory Flotation Concentrate by Sequential Bioleaching and Thiourea Leach
,” Hydrometallurgy
0304-386X, Vol. 63
, 2002
, pp. 249
–255
.76.
Chatain
, V.
, Bayard
, R.
, Sanchez
, F.
, Moszkowicz
, P.
, and Gourdon
, R.
, “Effect of Indigenous Bacteria Activity on Arsenic Mobilization Under Anaerobic Conditions
,” Environ. Int.
0160-4120, Vol. 31
, 2005
, pp. 221
–226
.77.
Pickering
, I. J.
, Prince
, R. C.
, George
, M. J.
, Smith
, R. D.
, George
, G. N.
, and Salt
, D. E.
, “Reduction and Coordination of Arsenic in Indian Mustard
,” Plant Physiol.
0032-0889 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.122.4.1171, Vol. 122
, 2000
, pp. 1171
–1177
.78.
Warren
, G. P.
, and Alloway
, B. J.
, “Reduction of Arsenic Uptake by Lettuce with Ferrous Applied to Contaminated Soil
,” J. Environ. Qual.
0047-2425, Vol. 32
, 2003
, pp. 767
–772
.79.
Sidoli O’Connor
, C.
, Lepp
, N. W.
, Edwards
, R.
, and Sunderland
, G.
, “The Combination of Electrokinetic Remediation and Phytoremediation to Decontamination Metal-Polluted Soils: A Laboratory-Scale Feasibility Study
,” Environ. Monit. Assess.
0167-6369, Vol. 84
, 2003
, pp. 141
–185
.80.
Dhankher
, O. P.
, Li
, Y.
, Rosen
, B. P.
, Shi
, J.
, Salt
, D.
, Senecoff
, J. F.
, Sashti
, N. A.
, and Meagher
, R. B.
, “Engineering Tolerance and Hyperaccumulation of Arsenic in Plants by Combining Arsenate Reductase and γ-glutamylcysteine Synthetase Expression
,” Nat. Biotechnol.
1087-0156, Vol. 20
, 2002
, pp. 1140
–1145
.81.
Azcue
, J. M.
, Murdoch
, A.
, Rosa
, F.
, and Hall
, G. E. M.
, “Effects of Abandoned Gold Mine Tailings on the Arsenic Concentrations in Water and Sediments of Jack of Clubs Lake, BC
,” Environ. Technol.
0959-3330, Vol. 15
, 1994
, pp. 669
–678
.82.
Leblanc
, M.
, Achard
, B.
, Othman
, D. B.
, Luck
, J. M.
, Bertrand-Sarfati
, J.
, and Personne
, J. C.
, “Accumulation of Arsenic from Acidic Mine Waters by Ferruginous Bacterial Accretions (Stromatalites)
,” Appl. Geochem.
0883-2927, Vol. 11
, 1996
, pp. 541
–549
.83.
Fukushi
, K.
, Sasaki
, M.
, Sato
, T.
, Yanase
, N.
, Amando
, H.
, and Ikeda
, H.
, “A Natural Attenuation of Arsenic in Drainage from an Abandoned Arsenic Dump
,” Appl. Geochem.
0883-2927, Vol. 18
, 2003
, pp. 1267
–1278
.84.
USEPA
, “Zero-Valent Iron Permeable Reactive Barrier Treatment of Arsenic in Groundwater, East Helena
,” EPA Hardcock Mining Innovative Technology Case Study, 2006
.
This content is only available via PDF.
All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ASTM International.
You do not currently have access to this content.
