.... KEYWORDS: natural convection, nano uid, ultrasound, thermometer NOMENCLATURE A ¼ aspect ratio cp;eff ¼ effective heat capacity of nano uid solution, J/kg-K D ¼ distance between hot and cold surfaces, m eff ¼ effective f ¼ uid G ¼ gravitational acceleration, m sÀ1 H ¼ height of enclosure, m keff...

...DC Ripple; GF Strouse A desire to increase automation or to eliminate the use of mercury has prompted several ASTM committees to consider alternatives to ASTM Liquid-in-Glass (LiG) thermometers. In this paper, we address the technical issues of choosing an alternative. We first discuss the basic...