Abstract

Composites comprising Pb alloys and 45 vol. % of nickel-coated flay ash (FA) microballoons were manufactured by stir casting method. Aging studies were carried out on the Pb alloys and composites in order to investigate the influence of the microballoons' presence on the aging behavior. The Pb matrix alloys and their composites were solution treated at 280°C for 5 h, and water quenched and aged at 60 and 100°C for various times. Aging investigation revealed that the peak hardness attained in the composite is higher than that of the Pb matrix alloy because of the refined structures of the composites in comparison to those of the Pb alloys, the presence of the microballoons, as well as increasing dislocation density in the composites. Also, the existence of FA microballoons in the Pb-0.06 Ca-1.2 Sn alloy results in an accelerating the age hardening kinetics of the composites. However, in case of Pb-0.13Ca -0.3 Sn-0.014 Al and Pb-0.065Ca-1.1 Sn-0.014 Ag based composites, the presence of the microballoons do not significantly affect the time for peak aging.

Issue Section:
Research Papers
Keywords:
metal-matrix composites (MMCs), lead alloys, FA, aging behavior

References

1.
Guruswamy
,
S.
,
Engineering Properties and Applications of Lead Alloys
,
Marcel Dekker, Inc.
,
New York
,
2000
.
2.
Valdez
,
S.
,
Campillo
,
B.
,
Pérez
,
R.
,
Martínez
,
L.
, and
García
,
A.
, “
Synthesis and Microstructural Characterization of Al-Mg alloy-SiC Particle Composite
,”
Mater. Lett.
, Vol.
62
, Nos.
17–18
,
2008
, pp.
2623
–
2625
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2008.01.002
3.
Rohatgi
,
P.
,
Gupta
,
N.
, and
Daoud
,
A.
, “
Synthesis and Processing of Cast Metal-Matrix Composites and Their Applications
,”
ASM Handbook
, Vol.
15
, Casting, ASM Handbook Committee, Ed.,
ASM
,
Materials Park, OH
,
2008
, pp.
1149
–
1164
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
4.
Deqing
,
W.
,
Ziyan
,
S.
,
Hong
,
G.
, and
Lopez
,
H.
, “
Synthesis of Lead-Fly-Ash Composites by Squeeze Infiltration
,”
J. Mater. Synth. Process.
, Vol.
9
, No.
5
,
2001
, pp.
247
–
251
. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015526217424
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
5.
Daoud
,
A.
,
Abou El-Khair
,
M. T.
,
Shenouda
,
A. Y.
,
Mohammed
,
E.
, and
Rohatgi
,
P. K.
, “
Microstructure, Tensile Properties and Electrochemical Behavior of Pb Alloy–45 vol.% FA Microballoon Composites
,”
Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, Vol.
526
, Nos.
1–2
,
2009
, pp.
225
–
234
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.07.047
6.
Bouirden
,
L.
,
Hilger
,
J. P.
, and
Hertz
,
J.
, “
Discontinuous and Continuous Hardening Processes in Calcium and Calcium—Tin Micro-Alloyed Lead: Influence of ‘Secondary-Lead’ Impurities
,”
J. Power Sources
, Vol.
33
, Nos.
1–4
,
1991
, pp.
27
–
50
. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(91)85046-Y
7.
Gu
,
M.
,
Wu
,
Z.
,
Jin
,
Y.
, and
Kocak
,
M.
, “
Effects or Reinforcements on the Aging Response of a ZK60-based Hybrid
,”
Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, Vol.
272
, No.
2
,
1991
, pp.
257
–
263
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
8.
Longtao
,
J.
,
Min
,
Z.
,
Gaohui
,
W.
, and
Qiang
,
Z. G.
, “
Aging Behavior of Sub-Micron Al2O3P/2024Al Composites
,”
Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, Vol.
392
, Nos.
1–2
,
2005
, pp.
366
–
372
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2004.09.048
9.
Kiourtsidis
,
G.
,
Skolianos
,
S. M.
, and
Litsardakis
,
S. G.
, “
Aging Response of Aluminum Alloy 2024/Silicon Carbide Particles (SiCp) Composites
,”
Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, Vol.
382
, Nos.
1–2
,
2004
, pp.
351
–
361
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2004.05.021
10.
Daoud
,
A.
 and
Reif
,
W.
, “
Influence of Al2O3 Particulate on the Aging Response of A356 Al-Based Composites
,”
J. Mater. Process. Technol.
, Vol.
123
, No.
2
,
2002
, pp.
313
–
318
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(02)00103-6
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
11.
Pal
,
S.
,
Mitra
,
R.
, and
Bhanuprasad
,
V.
, “
Aging Behavior of Al-Cu-Mg Alloy-SiC Composites
,”
Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, Vol.
480
, Nos.
1–2
,
2005
, pp.
496
–
502
.
12.
Gupta
,
M.
 and
Surappa
,
M. K.
, “
Effect of Increase in Heterogeneous Nucleation Sites on the Aging Behavior of 6061/SiC Metal Matrix Composites
,”
Mater. Res. Bull.
, Vol.
30
, No.
8
,
1995
, pp.
1023
–
1030
. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(95)00076-3
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
13.
Arsenault
,
R. J.
 and
Shi
,
N.
, “
Dislocation Generation Due to Differences Between the Coefficients of Thermal Expansion
,”
Mater. Sci. Eng.
, Vol.
81
,
1986
, pp.
175
–
187
. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(86)90261-2
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
14.
Lakshmi
,
C. S.
,
Manders
,
J. E.
, and
Rice
,
D. M.
, “
Structure and Properties of Lead-Calcium-Tin Alloys for Battery Grids
,”
J. Power Sources
, Vol.
73
, No.
1
,
1998
, pp.
23
–
29
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(98)00018-4
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
15.
Maitre
,
A.
,
Bourguignon
,
G.
,
Fiorani
,
J.
,
Steinmetz
,
J.
,
Ghanbaja
,
J.
, and
Lailler
,
P.
, “
Aging and Overaging Processes in Pb-0.08 %Ca-x%Sn Alloys Using Transmission Electron Microscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry
,”
Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, Vol.
340
, Nos.
1–2
,
2003
, pp.
103
–
113
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00174-0
16.
Maitre
,
A.
,
Bourguignon
,
G.
,
Fiorani
,
J.
,
Ghanbaja
,
J.
, and
Steinmetz
,
J.
, “
Precipitation Hardening in Pb-0.08wt.%Ca–x%Sn Alloys—The Role of the Pre-Ageing
,”
Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, Vol.
358
, Nos.
1–2
,
2003
, pp.
233
–
242
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(03)00283-1
17.
Hilger
,
J. P.
, “
How to Decrease Overaging in Pb-Ca-Sn Alloys
,”
J. Power Sources
, Vol.
72
, No.
2
,
1998
, pp.
184
–
188
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(97)02711-0
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
18.
Perez-Gonzales
,
F. A.
,
Camurri
,
C. G.
,
Carrasco
,
C. A.
, and
Colas
,
R.
, “
Precipitation in a Lead Calcium Tin Anode
,”
Mater. Character.
, Vol.
64
,
2012
, pp.
62
–
68
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2011.11.013
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
19.
Mane
,
P. J.
 and
Vishnu Kumar
,
K. L.
, “
Study on Ageing Behavior of Silicon Nitride Reinforced Al6061Composites
,”
Proc. Eng.
, Vol.
97
,
2014
, pp.
642
–
647
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.293
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
20.
Li
,
Y. Z.
,
Wang
,
Q. Z.
,
Wanga
,
W. G.
,
Xiaoa
,
B. L.
, and
Ma
,
Z. Y.
, “
Effect of Interfacial Reaction on Age-Hardening Ability of B4C/6061Al Composites
,”
Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, Vol.
620
,
2015
, pp.
445
–
453
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.10.025
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
This content is only available via PDF.
All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ASTM International.
You do not currently have access to this content.