Abstract
The 316L stainless steel part built by laser powder bed fusion has attracted much attention in recent years. However, current studies have not systematically revealed the influence of post-heat treatment on fatigue performance. In this study, we utilized two common heat treatment processes (450 °C anneal treatment and 1050 °C solution treatment) for 316L stainless steel and then discussed their influence on fatigue life and crack growth rate. It can be found that both the heat treatment processes led to a decrease in fatigue life. The 1050 °C solution treatment can decrease crack growth rate. This can be attributed to the increase in grain size and decline of carbide at the grain boundary. The former can lead to a longer propagation path. The latter may cause more and deeper secondary cracks along the propagation path, which exhaust more energy.
Graphical Abstract Figure
References
1.
Ronneberg
, T.
, Davies
, C. M.
, and Hooper
, P. A.
, 2020
, “Revealing Relationships Between Porosity, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Laser Powder Bed Fusion 316L Stainless Steel Through Heat Treatment
,” Mater. Des.
, 189
(10
), pp. 14
–26
. 2.
Wang
, Y. M.
, Voisin
, T.
, McKeown
, J. T.
, Ye
, J.
, Calta
, N. P.
, Li
, Z.
, Zeng
, Z.
, et al, 2018
, “Additively Manufactured Hierarchical Stainless Steels With High Strength and Ductility
,” Nat. Mater.
, 17
(1
), p. 63
. 3.
Liu
, L.
, Ding
, Q.
, Zhong
, Y.
, Zou
, J.
, Wu
, J.
, Chiu
, Y.-L.
, Li
, J.
, Zhang
, Z.
, Yu
, Q.
, and Shen
, Z.
, 2018
, “Dislocation Network in Additive Manufactured Steel Breaks Strength-Ductility Trade-Off
,” Mater. Today
, 21
(2
), pp. 354
–361
. 4.
Cecchel
, S.
, Razavi
, N.
, Mega
, F.
, Cornacchia
, G.
, Avanzini
, A.
, Battini
, D.
, and Berto
, F.
, 2022
, “Fatigue Testing and End of Life Investigation of a Topology Optimized Connecting Rod Fabricated via Selective Laser Melting
,” Int. J. Fatigue
, 164
(10
), pp. 185
–195
. 5.
Romano
, S.
, Brandao
, A.
, Gumpinger
, J.
, Gschweitl
, M.
, and Beretta
, S.
, 2017
, “Qualification of AM Parts: Extreme Value Statistics Applied to Tomographic Measurements
,” Mater. Des.
, 131
(05
), pp. 32
–48
. 6.
Afkhami
, S.
, Dabiri
, M.
, Alavi
, S. H.
, Bjork
, T.
, and Salminen
, A.
, 2019
, “Fatigue Characteristics of Steels Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting
,” Int. J. Fatigue
, 122
(3
), pp. 72
–83
. 7.
Wang
, Z.
, Yang
, S.
, Huang
, Y.
, Fan
, C.
, Peng
, Z.
, and Gao
, Z.
, 2021
, “Microstructure and Fatigue Damage of 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting (SLM)
,” Materials
, 14
(24
), pp. 75
–83
. 8.
Damiens
, A.
, Bonnefoy
, H.
, and Titeux
, I.
, 2020
, “Influence of Processing Parameters on Mechanical and Fatigue Properties of 316 L Steel Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting
,” Weld. World
, 64
(14
), pp. 1321
–1328
. 9.
Maleki
, E.
, Bagherifard
, S.
, Bandini
, M.
, and Guagliano
, M.
, 2021
, “Surface Post-Treatments for Metal Additive Manufacturing: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities
,” Addit. Manuf.
, 37
(10
), pp. 16
–28
. 10.
Zhang
, H.
, Xu
, M.
, Liu
, Z.
, Li
, C.
, Kumar
, P.
, Liu
, Z.
, and Zhang
, Y.
, 2021
, “Microstructure, Surface Quality, Residual Stress, Fatigue Behavior and Damage Mechanisms of Selective Laser Melted 304L Stainless Steel Considering Building Direction
,” Addit. Manuf.
, 46
(10
), pp. 156
–169
. 11.
Riemer
, A.
, Leuders
, S.
, Thoene
, M.
, Richard
, H. A.
, Troester
, T.
, and Niendorf
, T.
, 2014
, “On the Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior in 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting
,” Eng. Fract. Mech.
, 120
(23
), pp. 15
–25
. 12.
Fergani
, O.
, Wold
, A. B.
, Berto
, F.
, Brotan
, V.
, and Bambach
, M.
, 2018
, “Study of the Effect of Heat Treatment on Fatigue Crack Growth Behaviour of 316L Stainless Steel Produced by Selective Laser Melting
,” Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct.
, 41
(114
), pp. 1102
–1119
. 13.
Kong
, D.
, Dong
, C.
, Ni
, X.
, Zhang
, L.
, Yao
, J.
, Man
, C.
, Cheng
, X.
, Xiao
, K.
, and Li
, X.
, 2019
, “Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Selective Laser Melted 316L Stainless Steel After Different Heat Treatment Processes
,” J. Mater. Sci. Technol.
, 35
(7
), pp. 1499
–1507
. 14.
Cui
, L.
, Jiang
, F.
, Peng
, R. L.
, Mousavian
, R. T.
, Yang
, Z.
, and Moverare
, J.
, 2022
, “Dependence of Microstructures on Fatigue Performance of Polycrystals: A Comparative Study of Conventional and Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel
,” Int. J. Plast.
, 149
(10
), pp. 132
–146
. 15.
Shrestha
, R.
, Simsiriwong
, J.
, and Shamsaei
, N.
, 2021
, “Fatigue Behavior of Additive Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel Under Axial Versus Rotating-Bending Loading: Synergistic Effects of Stress Gradient, Surface Roughness, and Volumetric Defects
,” Int. J. Fatigue
, 144
(10
), pp. 134
–148
. 16.
Chen
, Y.
, Wang
, X.
, Shen
, J.
, Peng
, Y.
, Jiang
, Y.
, Yang
, X.
, Leen
, S. B.
, and Gong
, J.
, 2022
, “Deformation Mechanisms of Selective Laser Melted 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel in High Temperature low Cycle Fatigue
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 843
(23
), pp. 304
–316
. 17.
Andreau
, O.
, Pessard
, E.
, Koutiri
, I.
, Penot
, J.-D.
, Dupuy
, C.
, Saintier
, N.
, and Peyre
, P.
, 2019
, “A Competition Between the Contour and Hatching Zones on the High Cycle Fatigue Behaviour of a 316L Stainless Steel: Analyzed Using X-ray Computed Tomography
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 757
(29
), pp. 146
–159
. 18.
Kim
, Y.-K.
, Baek
, M.-S.
, Yang
, S.
, and Lee
, K.-A.
, 2021
, “In-Situ Formed Oxide Enables Extraordinary High-Cycle Fatigue Resistance in Additively Manufactured CoCrFeMnNi High-Entropy Alloy
,” Addit. Manuf.
, 38
(11
), pp. 145
–159
. 19.
Chen
, H.
, Li
, W.
, Huang
, Y.
, Xie
, Z.
, Zhu
, X.
, Liu
, B.
, and Wang
, B.
, 2022
, “Molten Pool Effect on Mechanical Properties in a Selective Laser Melting 316L Stainless Steel at High-Velocity Deformation
,” Mater. Charact.
, 194
(11
), pp. 124
–138
. 20.
AlMangour
, B.
, Grzesiak
, D.
, Cheng
, J.
, and Ertas
, Y.
, 2018
, “Thermal Behavior of the Molten Pool, Microstructural Evolution, and Tribological Performance During Selective Laser Melting of TiC/316L Stainless Steel Nanocomposites: Experimental and Simulation Methods
,” J. Mater. Process. Technol.
, 257
(23
), pp. 288
–301
. 21.
Siao
, Y.-H.
, and Wen
, C.-D.
, 2021
, “Examination of Molten Pool With Marangoni Flow and Evaporation Effect by Simulation and Experiment in Selective Laser Melting
,” Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer
, 125
(10
), pp. 98
–112
. 22.
Güden
, M.
, Yavas
, H.
, Tanrikulu
, A. A.
, Tasdemirci
, A.
, Akin
, B.
, Enser
, S.
, Karakus
, A.
, and Hamat
, B. A.
, 2021
, “Orientation Dependent Tensile Properties of a Selective-Laser-Melt 316L Stainless Steel
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 824
(8
), pp. 96
–106
. 23.
Gray
, G. T.
, III, Livescu
, V.
, Rigg
, P. A.
, Trujillo
, C. P.
, Cady
, C. M.
, Chen
, S. R.
, Carpenter
, J. S.
, Lienert
, T. J.
, and Fensin
, S. J.
, 2017
, “Structure/Property (Constitutive and Spallation Response) of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel
,” Acta Mater.
, 138
(13
), pp. 140
–149
. 24.
Dryepondt
, S.
, Nandwana
, P.
, Fernandez-Zelaia
, P.
, and List
, F.
, III, 2021
, “Microstructure and High Temperature Tensile Properties of 316L Fabricated by Laser Powder-Bed Fusion
,” Addit. Manuf.
, 37
(14
), pp. 178
–190
. 25.
Elangeswaran
, C.
, Cutolo
, A.
, Muralidharan
, G. K.
, de Formanoir
, C.
, Berto
, F.
, Vanmeensel
, K.
, and Van Hooreweder
, B.
, 2019
, “Effect of Post-Treatments on the Fatigue Behaviour of 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
,” Int. J. Fatigue
, 123
(3
), pp. 31
–39
. 26.
Hamada
, A.
, Jaskari
, M.
, Gundgire
, T.
, and Jarvenpaa
, A.
, 2023
, “Enhancement and Underlying Fatigue Mechanisms of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive-Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 873
(17
), pp. 202
–221
. 27.
Guden
, M.
, Enser
, S.
, Bayhan
, M.
, Tasdemirci
, A.
, and Yavas
, H.
, 2022
, “The Strain Rate Sensitive Flow Stresses and Constitutive Equations of a Selective-Laser-Melt and an Annealed-Rolled 316L Stainless Steel: A Comparative Study
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 838
(24
), pp. 267
–285
. 28.
Fergani
, O.
, Bratli Wold
, A.
, Berto
, F.
, Brotan
, V.
, and Bambach
, M.
, 2017
, “Study of the Effect of Heat Treatment on Fatigue Crack Growth Behaviour of 316L Stainless Steel Produced by Selective Laser Melting
,” Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct.
, 27
(04
), pp. 62
–77
. 29.
Zeng
, F.
, Yang
, Y.
, and Qian
, G.
, 2022
, “Fatigue Properties and S-N Curve Estimating of 316L Stainless Steel Prepared by SLM
,” Int. J. Fatigue
, 162
(10
), pp. 102
–112
. 30.
Kluczynski
, J.
, Sniezek
, L.
, Grzelak
, K.
, Torzewski
, J.
, Szachogluchowicz
, I.
, Wachowski
, M.
, and Luszczek
, J.
, 2020
, “Crack Growth Behavior of Additively Manufactured 316L Steel-Influence of Build Orientation and Heat Treatment
,” Materials
, 13
(22
), pp. 265
–277
. 31.
Kong
, D.
, Dong
, C.
, Wei
, S.
, Ni
, X.
, Zhang
, L.
, Li
, R.
, Wang
, L.
, Man
, C.
, and Li
, X.
, 2021
, “About Metastable Cellular Structure in Additively Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steels
,” Addit. Manuf.
, 38
(21
), pp. 256
–267
. 32.
Sun
, W.
, Ma
, Y. E.
, Li
, P.
, and Wang
, Z.
, 2022
, “Residual Stress and Long Fatigue Crack Growth Behaviour of Laser Powder bed Fused Ti6Al4V: Role of Build Direction
,” Int. J. Fatigue
, 160
(4
), pp. 56
–69
. 33.
Xie
, D.
, Lv
, F.
, Yang
, Y.
, Shen
, L.
, Tian
, Z.
, Shuai
, C.
, Chen
, B.
, and Zhao
, J.
, 2022
, “A Review on Distortion and Residual Stress in Additive Manufacturing
,” Chin. J. Mech. Eng.: Addit. Manuf. Front.
, 1
(3
), pp. 45
–58
. 34.
Shang
, D. J. W. D. G.
, 1996
, “Definition and Determination Method of Fatigue Crack Initiation Size
,” Mech. Strength
, 18
(1
), pp. 4
–12
.35.
Kitagawa
, H.
, 1976
, “Applicability of Fracture Mechanics to Very Small Cracks or the Cracks in the Early Stage
,” Proceedings of 2nd ICM
, Cleveland, OH
, Aug. 16–20
, pp. 627
–631
.36.
Chao
, Q.
, Thomas
, S.
, Birbilis
, N.
, Cizek
, P.
, Hodgson
, P. D.
, and Fabijanic
, D.
, 2021
, “The Effect of Post-Processing Heat Treatment on the Microstructure, Residual Stress and Mechanical Properties of Selective Laser Melted 316L Stainless Steel
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 821
(14
), pp. 174
–188
. 37.
Cui
, L.
, Jiang
, S.
, Xu
, J.
, Peng
, R. L.
, Mousavian
, R. T.
, and Moverare
, J.
, 2021
, “Revealing Relationships Between Microstructure and Hardening Nature of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel
,” Mater. Des.
, 198
(15
), pp. 178
–186
. 38.
Chen
, N.
, Ma
, G.
, Zhu
, W.
, Godfrey
, A.
, Shen
, Z.
, Wu
, G.
, and Huang
, X.
, 2019
, “Enhancement of an Additive-Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steel by Post-Manufacture Heat-Treatment
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 759
(4
), pp. 65
–69
. 
