Fig. 1 Axisymmetric model formulation about nozzle axis: ( a ) simulation boundary conditions (black domain —ink, transparent domain—air), where boundaries 1–5 represent the nozzle inlet, nozzle wall, initial air–fluid interface, air domain wall, and substrate, respectively, and ( b ) force body d... More about this image found in Axisymmetric model formulation about nozzle axis: ( a ) simulation boundary...

Fig. 2 Time sequence of simulation using a 34-gauge nozzle, l sep  = 1.5 mm, V 0  = 2 kV, and P  = 13.8 kPa. Jet radius is recorded at the time of impingement. More about this image found in Time sequence of simulation using a 34-gauge nozzle, l sep  = 1.5 mm, V ...

Fig. 3 Electric field influence on jet radius and flight time for a 32-gauge needle with an applied pressure of 13.8 kPa, and voltage of 2 kV More about this image found in Electric field influence on jet radius and flight time for a 32-gauge needl...

Fig. 4 Electric field influence on jet radius, comparison of the 32- and 34-gauge needles with an applied pressure of 13.8 kPa, and voltage of 2 kV More about this image found in Electric field influence on jet radius, comparison of the 32- and 34-gauge ...

Fig. 5 Influence of pressure on jet radius for several electrode separation distances More about this image found in Influence of pressure on jet radius for several electrode separation distan...

Fig. 6 Experimental setup More about this image found in Experimental setup

Fig. 7 Experimental model validation More about this image found in Experimental model validation

Fig. 8 Experimental validation of separation distance, voltage, and nozzle size More about this image found in Experimental validation of separation distance, voltage, and nozzle size

Fig. 9 Experimental validation of separation distance, voltage, and nozzle size More about this image found in Experimental validation of separation distance, voltage, and nozzle size

Fig. 1 Typical devices to control the infrared electromagnetic waves: ( a ) IR-emission device from the heat flux to the electromagnetic waves and ( b ) IR-refraction device for IR-lens More about this image found in Typical devices to control the infrared electromagnetic waves: ( a ) IR-emi...