Abstract
Ultrasonic structural health monitoring (SHM), employing embedded piezoelectric elements to actuate and sense ultrasonic waves, has greatly advanced in recent years. This paper presents a novel approach to address the prevailing challenges in the inspection of laminated structures for delamination using shear-mode (d15) piezoelectric transducers, composed of lead zirconate titanate (PZT). To experimentally evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, a beam-like laminated specimen consisting of internally embedded d15 square PZTs was fabricated with simulated delamination at the interface of an adhesive joint. The evaluation of the results showed that the location of shear-mode actuators is a critical factor to detect delamination and to predict the propagation path of delamination. Delamination initiated close to actuators is more likely to be detected owing to their remarkable sensitivity of structural stiffness surrounding their region. The antisymmetric A0 wave mode generated by these actuators exhibits high interaction with damage, suggesting internally embedded d15 PZTs are a viable approach that can potentially advance the inspection tools of ultrasonic SHM.
References
1.
Nagy
, P. B.
, 1991
, “Ultrasonic Detection of Kissing Bonds at Adhesive Interfaces
,” J. Adhes. Sci. Technol.
, 5
(8
), pp. 619
–630
. 10.1163/156856191X005212.
Kundu
, T.
, Maji
, A.
, Ghosh
, T.
, and Maslov
, K.
, 1998
, “Detection of Kissing Bonds by Lamb Waves
,” Ultrasonics
, 35
(8
), pp. 573
–580
. 10.1016/S0041-624X(97)00095-43.
Ramadas
, C.
, Balasubramaniam
, K.
, Joshi
, M.
, and Krishnamurthy
, C. V.
, 2011
, “Numerical and Experimental Studies on Propagation of A0 Mode in a Composite Plate Containing Semi-Infinite Delamination: Observation of Turning Modes
,” Compos. Struct.
, 93
(7
), pp. 1929
–1938
. 10.1016/j.compstruct.2011.01.0254.
Masserey
, B.
, Raemy
, C.
, and Fromme
, P.
, 2014
, “High-Frequency Guided Ultrasonic Waves for Hidden Defect Detection in Multi-Layered Aircraft Structures
,” Ultrasonics
, 54
(7
), pp. 1720
–1728
. 10.1016/j.ultras.2014.04.0235.
Zhang
, K.
, and Zhou
, Z.
, 2018
, “Quantitative Characterization of Disbonds in Multilayered Bonded Composites Using Laser Ultrasonic Guided Waves
,” NDT E Int.
, 97
, pp. 42
–50
. 10.1016/J.NDTEINT.2018.03.0066.
Guo
, N.
, and Cawley
, P.
, 1993
, “Lamb Wave Propagation in Composite Laminates and Its Relationship With Acousto-Ultrasonics
,” NDT E Int.
, 26
(2
), pp. 75
–84
. 10.1016/0963-8695(93)90257-U7.
Ramadas
, C.
, Balasubramaniam
, K.
, Joshi
, M.
, and Krishnamurthy
, C. V.
, 2011
, “Characterisation of Rectangular Type Delaminations in Composite Laminates Through B- and D-Scan Images Generated Using Lamb Waves
,” NDT E Int.
, 44
(3
), pp. 281
–289
. 10.1016/J.NDTEINT.2011.01.0028.
Altammar
, H.
, Kaul
, S.
, and Dhingra
, A. K.
, 2017
, “Use of Wavelets for Damage Diagnostics in Truss Structures
,” Int. J. Struct. Integr.
, 8
(3
), pp. 373
–391
. 10.1108/IJSI-05-2016-00179.
Mix
, P. E.
, 2005
, Introduction to Nondestructive Testing: A Training Guide
, 2nd ed., John-Wiley & Sons Inc.
, Hoboken, NJ
.10.
Hellier
, C. J.
, 2012
, Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation
, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill Education
, New York
.11.
Díaz Valdés
, S. H.
, and Soutis
, C.
, 2002
, “Real-Time Nondestructive Evaluation of Fiber Composite Laminates Using Low-Frequency Lamb Waves
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
, 111
(5
), pp. 2026
–2033
. 10.1121/1.146687012.
Osmont
, D.
, Devillers
, D.
, and Taillade
, F.
, 2001
, “Health Monitoring of Sandwich Plates Based on the Analysis of the Interaction of Lamb Waves With Damages
,” Smart Struct. Integr. Syst.
, 4327
, pp. 290
–301
. 10.1117/12.43654013.
Wilcox
, P. D.
, Lee
, C. K.
, Scholey
, J. J.
, Friswell
, M. I.
, Wisnom
, M. R.
, and Drinkwater
, B. W.
, 2006
, “Quantitative Structural Health Monitoring Using Acoustic Emission
,” SPIE Conf. Proc.
, 6173
. 10.1117/12.65851014.
Pau
, A.
, Achillopoulou
, D. V.
, and Vestroni
, F.
, 2016
, “Scattering of Guided Shear Waves in Plates With Discontinuities
,” NDT E Int.
, 84
, pp. 67
–75
. 10.1016/j.ndteint.2016.08.00415.
Mustapha
, S.
, Ye
, L.
, Dong
, X.
, and Alamdari
, M. M.
, 2016
, “Evaluation of Barely Visible Indentation Damage (BVID) in CF/EP Sandwich Composites Using Guided Wave Signals
,” Mech. Syst. Signal Process.
, 76–77
, pp. 497
–517
. 10.1016/j.ymssp.2016.01.02316.
APC International
, 2002
, Piezoelectric Ceramics: Principles and Applications
, 1st ed., APC International
, PA
. ISBN 0615565034
.17.
Kamal
, A.
, and Giurgiutiu
, V.
, 2014
, “Shear Horizontal Wave Excitation and Reception With Shear Horizontal Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensor (SH-PWAS)
,” Smart Mater. Struct.
, 23
(8
), p. 085019
. 10.1088/0964-1726/23/8/08501918.
Zhou
, W.
, Li
, H.
, and Yuan
, F.-G.
, 2013
, “Guided Wave Generation, Sensing and Damage Detection Using In-Plane Shear Piezoelectric Wafers
,” Smart Mater. Struct.
, 23
(1
), p. 015014
. 10.1088/0964-1726/23/1/01501419.
Hou
, S.
, Zhang
, H. B.
, and Ou
, J. P.
, 2013
, “A PZT-Based Smart Aggregate for Seismic Shear Stress Monitoring
,” Smart Mater. Struct.
, 22
(6
), p. 065012
. 10.1088/0964-1726/22/6/06501220.
Zhou
, W.
, Li
, H.
, and Yuan
, F.-G.
, 2015
, “Fundamental Understanding of Wave Generation and Reception Using d36 Type Piezoelectric Transducers
,” Ultrasonics
, 57
, pp. 135
–143
. 10.1016/j.ultras.2014.11.00321.
Altammar
, H.
, Dhingra
, A.
, and Salowitz
, N.
, 2018
, “Ultrasonic Sensing and Actuation in Laminate Structures Using Bondline-Embedded d35 Piezoelectric Sensors
,” Sensors
, 18
(11
), p. 3885
. 10.3390/s1811388522.
Köhler
, B.
, Gaul
, T.
, Lieske
, U.
, and Schubert
, F.
, 2016
, “Shear Horizontal Piezoelectric Fiber Patch Transducers (SH-PFP) for Guided Elastic Wave Applications
,” NDT E Int.
, 82
, pp. 1
–12
. 10.1016/j.ndteint.2016.04.00123.
Altammar
, H.
, Dhingra
, A.
, and Salowitz
, N.
, 2019
, “Initial Study of Internally Embedded Shear-Mode Piezoelectric Transducers for the Detection of Joint Defects in Laminate Structures
,” J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct.
, 30
(15
), pp. 2314
–2330
. 10.1177/1045389X1986262424.
Parry
, C.
, Altammar
, H.
, and Salowitz
, N.
, 2020
, “Selective Actuation and Sensing of Antisymmetric Ultrasonic Waves Using Shear-Deforming Piezoelectric Transducers
,” Struct. Heal. Monit.
10.1177/147592172094493325.
Altammar
, H.
, Dhingra
, A.
, and Salowitz
, N.
, 2017
, “Investigating the Feasibility of Ultrasonic Shear Actuation for Evaluation of Adhesive Joints in Multilayered Structures: FE Simulation
,” ASNT Annual Conference 2017
, Nashville, TN
, Oct. 30
.26.
Altammar
, H.
, Dhingra
, A.
, and Salowitz
, N.
, 2019
, “Damage Detection Using d15 Piezoelectric Sensors in a Laminate Beam Undergoing Three-Point Bending
,” Actuators
, 8
(4
), p. 70
. 10.3390/act804007027.
Altammar
, H.
, and Salowitz
, N.
, 2018
, “Shear Actuation of Piezoelectric Transducers Embedded Within Laminate Structures for Damage Detection
,” 7th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring
, Hong Kong, China
, Nov. 12–15
.28.
IEEE Standard on Piezoelectricity
, ANSI/IEEE Std 176–1987
. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.1988.7963829.
Petcher
, P. A.
, Burrows
, S. E.
, and Dixon
, S.
, 2014
, “Shear Horizontal (SH) Ultrasound Wave Propagation Around Smooth Corners
,” Ultrasonics
, 54
(4
), pp. 997
–1004
. 10.1016/j.ultras.2013.11.01130.
Nazeer
, N.
, Ratassepp
, M.
, and Fan
, Z.
, 2017
, “Damage Detection in Bent Plates Using Shear Horizontal Guided Waves
,” Ultrasonics
, 75
, pp. 155
–163
. 10.1016/j.ultras.2016.11.02031.
Su
, Z.
, Yang
, C.
, Pan
, N.
, Ye
, L.
, and Zhou
, L. M.
, 2007
, “Assessment of Delamination in Composite Beams Using Shear Horizontal (SH) Wave Mode
,” Compos. Sci. Technol.
, 67
(2
), pp. 244
–251
. 10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.08.01932.
Chua
, C. A.
, and Cawley
, P.
, 2020
, “Crack Growth Monitoring Using Fundamental Shear Horizontal Guided Waves
,” Struct. Heal. Monit.
, 19
(5
), pp. 1311
–1322
. 10.1177/147592171988233033.
James
, R.
, Mei
, H.
, and Giurgiutiu
, V.
, 2020
, “SH-Mode Guided-Wave Impact Damage Detection in Thick Quasi-Isotropic Composites
,” Proc. SPIE Health Monitoring of Structural and Biological Systems XIV
, 11381
. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.255975734.
Altammar
, H.
, 2019
, “Structural Health Monitoring of Laminate Structures Using Shear-Mode Piezoelectric Sensors
,” Theses and Dissertations
, 2036
.35.
Wu
, Z.
, Qing
, X. P.
, Ghosh
, K.
, Karbhari
, V. M.
, and Chang
, F.-K.
, 2008
, “Health Monitoring of Bonded Composite Repair in Bridge Rehabilitation
,” Smart Mater. Struct.
, 17
(4
), p. 045014
. 10.1088/0964-1726/17/4/04501436.
Torkamani
, S.
, Roy
, S.
, Barkey
, M. E.
, Sazonov
, E.
, Burkett
, S.
, and Kotru
, S.
, 2014
, “A Novel Damage Index for Damage Identification Using Guided Waves With Application in Laminated Composites
,” Smart Mater. Struct.
, 23
(9
), p. 095015
. 10.1088/0964-1726/23/9/09501537.
Yang
, J.
, 2006
, Analysis of Piezoelectric Devices
, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
, Singapore
, ISBN 978-981-256-861-8
.38.
APC International Ltd
. Physical and Piezoelectric Properties of APC Materials
, https://www.americanpiezo.com/apc-materials/piezoelectric-properties.html, Accessed November 5, 2017.39.
Henkel Corporation Aerospace
, 2013
, Adhesive, E.P. LOCTITE EA 934: Epoxy Paste Adhesive
, pp. 1
–5
.40.
Dugnani
, R.
, Zhuang
, Y.
, Kopsaftopoulos
, F.
, and Chang
, F.-K.
, 2016
, “Adhesive Bond-Line Degradation Detection via a Cross-Correlation Electromechanical Impedance-Based Approach
,” Struct. Heal. Monit.
, 15
(6
), pp. 650
–667
. 10.1177/147592171665549841.
Broda
, D.
, Staszewski
, W. J..
, Martowicz
, A.
, Uhl
, T.
, and Silberschmidt
, V. V.
, 2014
, “Modelling of Nonlinear Crack–Wave Interactions for Damage Detection Based on Ultrasound—A Review
,” J. Sound Vib.
, 333
(4
), pp. 1097
–1118
. 10.1016/j.jsv.2013.09.03342.
Alleyne
, D. N.
, and Cawley
, P.
, 1992
, “The Interaction of Lamb Waves With Defects
,” IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control.
, 39
(3
), pp. 381
–397
. 10.1109/58.14317243.
Greve
, D. W.
, Tyson
, N.
, and Oppenheim
, I. J.
, 2005
, “Interaction of Defects With Lamb Waves in Complex Geometries
,” IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium
, Rotterdam, Netherlands
, Sept. 8–21
.44.
Salowitz
, N. P.
, Guo
, Z.
, Kim
, S. J.
, Li
, Y.-H.
, Lanzara
, G.
, and Chang
, F.-K.
, 2014
, “Microfabricated Expandable Sensor Networks for Intelligent Sensing Materials
,” IEEE Sens. J.
, 14
(7
), pp. 2138
–2144
. 10.1109/JSEN.2013.229769945.
Salowitz
, N.
, Guo
, Z.
, Li
, Y.-H.
, Kim
, K.
, Lanzara
, G.
, and Chang
, F.-K.
, 2013
, “Bio-Inspired Stretchable Network-Based Intelligent Composites
,” J. Compos. Mater.
, 47
(1
), pp. 97
–105
. 10.1177/002199831244290046.
Zhuang
, Y.
, Li
, Y.-H.
, Kopsaftopoulos
, F.
, and Chang
, F.-K.
, 2015
, “A Self-Diagnostic Adhesive for Monitoring Bonded Joints in Aerospace Structures
,” Compos. Adv. Mater. Expo
, 9803
, pp. 1
–14
. 10.1117/12.221936147.
Chalioris
, C. E.
, Papadopoulos
, N. A.
, Angeli
, G. M.
, Karayannis
, C. G.
, Liolios
, A. A.
, and Providakis
, C. P.
, 2015
, “Damage Evaluation in Shear-Critical Reinforced Concrete Beam Using Piezoelectric Transducers as Smart Aggregates
,” Open Eng.
, 5
(1
), pp. 373
–384
. 10.1515/eng-2015-0046Copyright © 2021 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
