... the breaking onset is detected, a proper energy dissipation should be introduced, either in a physical manner using an absorbing surface pressure in the dynamic free surface boundary condition [ 13 ] or in a pragmatic way where the incipient breaking wave profile is smoothed by a special local filter, e.g...

...Shengnan Liu; Muk Chen Ong; Charlotte Obhrai A three-dimensional (3D) numerical two-phase flow model based on solving unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) equations has been used to simulate breaking waves and steep waves past a vertical cylinder on a 1:10 slope. The volume of fluid...