... model, it is applied to another spring. The spring used for validation has a physical air volume of 3090 cm 3 and an effective area of around 139 cm 2 . The validation spring is filled with 367 g of activated carbon. As with the reference air spring tests in the previous...

...: cturne9@clemson.edu 1 Corresponding author. Email: jwagner@clemson.edu 01 12 2022 17 04 2023 24 04 2023 12 05 2023 design design engineering design methodology design optimization experimental mechanical engineering simulation modeling optimization...

... lower straightening bladders spanning the hinge lines, the air surface uncovers and covers the gap against wind loads and holds its curled position rigidly using inter-tile hard stops. An analytical surface model aggregated from multiple instances of a first principle unit curling model predicts the air...