... propagation. 03 05 2008 06 05 2009 23 09 2009 alloy steel chromium alloys electron microscopy failure analysis fracture heat exchangers molybdenum alloys optical microscopy pipes surface cracks superheater sensitization buckling steam power boiler Ferritic...

... optical microscopy fastener torque-tension nut factor surface roughness tightening speed repeated tightening Threaded fasteners are used in many applications because of the ease of initial assembly and/or disassembly for maintenance and repair purposes. Both the level and the stability...

... was examined using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and other techniques. The resulting microstructure is presented and compared to the virgin material. Material mixing, shear band formation, and significant thermal damage, consistent with a high energy gouging event, are confirmed...

... flaw detection composite materials optical microscopy composite joints bearing damage single lap joint double-bolted composite joints Because of their high strength-to-weight ratio, fiber-reinforced composites are widely used in the aerospace and automotive industries. In many cases...

.... 25 01 2005 31 01 2005 acoustic microscopy crack detection surface cracks ceramics alumina pressure vessels gas lasers scanning electron microscopy optical microscopy microcracks Already since the early 1960s ceramic has been proposed for naval applications. High...