The photocatalytic oxidation of 2,4-Dichlorophenol (DCP), using suspensions under solar radiation, has been studied at pilot-plant scale at the Plataforma Solar de Almerı´a (PSA). This compound is used as a model to demonstrate the practical application of the treatment. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analysis is applied to confirm the total mineralization of the contaminants. The pilot plant has a volume of 247 L and consists of 9 of CPC modules (with transparent tubes) connected to a recirculation tank. DCP at 20, 50 and 200 mg/L is completely photodegraded in the presence of 200 mg/L of but mineralization is slow when organics concentration is small. The results obtained from these experiments have been used to decide the dimensions of a solar photocatalytic plant for treating wastewater contaminated with different concentration of DCP. Due to the slow kinetic obtained in the photodegradation last steps, a combination with GAC treatment is proposed. Besides, this article attempts to compare the advantages, disadvantages and costs of photocatalytic treatment, versus other more conventional technologies such as active carbon adsorption.
Issue Section:
Technical Papers
1.
Rupert
, G.
, Bauer
, R.
, and Heisler
, G.
, 1994
, “Comparison of Advanced Oxidation Processes for Waste Water
,” Chemosphere
28
, No. 8
, pp. 1447
–1454
.2.
Serpone
, N.
, 1994
, “A Decade of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis in our Laboratory: Pure and Applied Studies in Energy Production and Environmental Detoxification
,” Res. Chem. Intermed.
20
, pp. 953
–992
.3.
Kamat
, P. V.
and Dimitrijevic
, N.
1990
, “Colloidal Semiconductors as Photocatalysts for Solar Energy Conversion
,” Sol. Energy
44
, pp. 83
–98
.4.
D. M. Blake, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1999, Bibliography of Work on the Photocatalytic Removal of Hazardous Compounds from Water and Air, Update Number 1 to June 1995, Update Number 2 to October 1996, Update Number 3 to January 1999, National Technical Information Service, US Dept. of Commerce, Springfield.
5.
Al-Ekabi
, H.
, Safarzadeh
, A.
, Sifton
, W.
, and Story
, J.
, 1991
, “Advanced Technology for Water Purification by Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
,” Int. J. Environ. Pollut.
1
, pp. 125
–136
.6.
Tseng
, J. M.
, and Huang
, C. P.
, 1991
, “Removal of Chlorophenols from Water by Photocatalytic Oxidation
,” Wat. Sci. Tech.
23
, pp. 377
–387
.7.
Manilal
, V. B.
, Haridas
, A.
, Alexander
, R.
, and Surender
, G. D.
, 1992
, “Photocatalytic Treatment of Toxic Organics in Wastewater: Toxicity of Photodegradation Products
,” Water Res.
26
, No. 8
, pp. 1035
–1038
.8.
Ku
, Y.
, and Hsieh
, Ch. B.
, 1992
, “Photocatalytic Decomposition of 2,4-dichlorophenol in Aqueous TiO2 Suspensions
,” Water Res.
26
(11
), pp. 1451
–1456
.9.
D'Oliveira
, J. C.
, Minero
, C.
, Pelizzetti
, E.
, and Pichat
, P.
, 1993
, “Photodegradation of Dichlorophenols and Trichlorophenols in TiO2 Aqueous Suspensions: Kinetic Effects of the Position of the Cl Atoms and Identification of Intermediates
,” J. Photochem. Photobiol., A
72
, pp. 261
–267
.10.
Serra
, F.
, Trillas
, M.
, Garcı´a
, J.
, and Dome`nech
, X.
, 1994
, “Titanium Dioxide-Photocatalytic Oxidation of 2,4-Dichlorophenol
,” J. Env. Sci. Health
A29
, No. 7
, pp. 1409
–1421
.11.
Zang
, L.
, Liu
, C. Y.
, and Ren
, X. M.
, 1995
, “Photochemistry of Semiconductor Particles: Effects of Surface Condition on the Photodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol Catalysed by TiO2 Suspensions
,” J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans.
91
, No. 5
, pp. 917
–923
.12.
Malato
, S.
, Gimenez
, J.
, Richter
, C.
, Curco
, D.
, and Blanco
, J.
, 1997
, “Low Concentrating CPC Collectors for Photocatalytic Water Detoxification: Comparison with a Medium Concentrating Solar Collector
,” Wat. Sci. Techn.
35
, No. 4
, 157
–164
.13.
Gime´nez
, J.
, Curco´
, D.
, and Queral
, M. A.
1999
, “Photocatalytic Treatment of Phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol in a Solar Plant in the Way to Scaling-up
,” Catal. Today
54
, pp. 229
–244
.14.
Dobbs, R. A., and Cohen, J. M., 1980, Carbon Adsorption Isotherms for Toxic Organics, EPA-600/8-80-023, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Cincinnati.
15.
Solarchem Environmental Systems, 1994, The UV/Oxidation Handbook.
16.
Malato
, S.
, Blanco
, J.
, Richter
, C.
, and Vincent
, M.
, 1996
, “Photocatalytic Degradation of Industrial Residual Waters
,” Sol. Energy
56
, No. 5
, 401
–410
.17.
Herrmann
, J. M.
, Disdier
, J.
, Pichat
, P.
, Malato
, S.
, and Blanco
, J.
, 1998
, “TiO2-Based Solar Photocatalytic Detoxification of Water Organic Pollutants. Case Studies of 2,4-Dichlorophenooxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) and of Benzofuran
,” Appl. Catal. B: Environ.
17
, pp. 15
–23
.18.
Malato, S., Blanco, J., Richter, C., Ferna´ndez P., and Maldonado, M. K., 2000, “Solar Photocatalytic Mineralization of Commercial Pesticides: Oxamyl,” Solar En. Mat. Solar Cells, accepted.
19.
Parent
, Y.
, Blake
, D.
, Magrini-Bair
, K.
, Lyons
, C.
, Turchi
, C.
, Watt
, A.
, Wolfrum
, E.
, and Prairie
, M.
, 1996
, “Solar Photocatalytic Process for the Purification of Water: State of Development and Barriers to Commercialization
,” Sol. Energy
56
, No. 5
, pp. 429
–438
.20.
Turchi, C. S., and Link, H. F., 1991, “Relative Cost of Photons from Solar or Electric Sources for Photocatalytic Water Detoxification.” in Proc. of ISES Solar World Congress, Denver, CO; Arden, M. E., Burley, S. M. A., and Coleman, M. (eds), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 2115–2122.
21.
Link H., and Turchi, C. S., 1991, “Cost and Performance Projections for Solar Water Detoxification Systems,” in Proc. of ASME Int. Solar Energy Meeting. Reno, Nevada, Mancini, T. R., Watanabe, K., and Klett, D. E., (eds.), ASME, New York, pp. 289–294.
22.
Aguas de Levante, Barcelona, Spain, 1996, personal communication.
23.
Crosby
, D. G.
, 1981
, “Environmental Chemistry of Pentachlorophenol
,” Pure Appl. Chem.
53
, pp. 1051
–1080
.24.
Gemasur, S. L. (residue authorized manager AN-0002), Cordoba, Spain, 1996, personal communication.
25.
EC Directive 1999/31/EC, of 26th April 1999, related with the disposal of residues.
Copyright © 2001
by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
