Unbalanced composite layups with bend-twist coupling show potential for aeroelastic tailoring in wind turbine blades. Before these materials can be implemented, their responses to long term cyclic loading must be considered. This paper studies the fatigue characteristics of an unbalanced glass-carbon hybrid laminate with a [45glass/−45glass/24carbon/24carbon]s layup. Flexural fatigue was performed at 7 different load magnitudes up to 1 × 106 cycles to characterize the failure modes and fatigue life of the composite. Stiffness degradation occurred on the tension side due to matrix cracking and small regions of delamination on the glass plies, whereas the failure mechanism of the laminate was by delamination between the glass and carbon. S-N curves were generated from experimental results and static finite element analyses (FEA) based on interlaminar shear stresses and were compared with laminates from previous literature. It was determined that the interlaminar stresses were influenced more so by the lower stiffness of the unbalanced layup than by the induced torsional deflections: leading to the conclusion that bend-twist coupling had little influence on flexural fatigue of glass-carbon hybrid composites.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
References
1.
Wetzel
, K. W.
, 2005
, “Utility Scale Twist-Flap Coupled Blade Design
,” J. Sol. Energy
, 127
, pp. 529
–537
.10.1115/1.20370892.
de Goeij
, W. C.
, van Tooren
, M. J.
, and Beukers
, A.
, 1999
, “Implementation of Bending-Torsion Coupling in the Design of a Wind-Turbine Rotor-Blade
,” Appl. Energy
, 63
, pp. 191
–207
.10.1016/S0306-2619(99)00016-13.
Locke
, J.
, and Valencia
, U.
, 2004
, “Design Studies for Twist-Coupled Wind Turbine Blades
,” Sandia National Laboratories, Wichita, KS.4.
Cox
, K.
, and Echtermeyer
, A.
, 2013
, “Geometric Scaling Effects of Bend-Twist Coupling in Rotor Blades
,” Energy Procedia
, 35
, pp. 2
–11
.10.1016/j.egypro.2013.07.1535.
DNV
, 2003
, “Composite Components
,” Det Norske Veritas, Høvik.6.
ISO 13003
, 2003
, “Fiber-Reinforced Plastics—Determination of Fatigue Properties Under Cyclic Loading Conditions
,” ISO/TC 61, SC 13, Geneva.7.
Mandell
, J.
, Samborsky
, D.
, Agastra
, P.
, Sears
, A.
, and Wilson
, T.
, 2010
, “Analysis of SNL/MSU/DOE Fatigue Database Trends for Wind Turbine Blade Materials
,” Sandia National Laboratories, Bozeman.8.
Agarwal
, B. D.
, and Joneja
, S. K.
, 1982
, “Strain Controlled Flexural Fatigue of Unirectional Composites
,” Compos. Technol. Rev.
, 4
(1
), pp. 6
–13
.10.1520/CTR10754J9.
Philippidis
, T. P.
, and Vassilopoulus
, A. P.
, 1999
, “Fatigue of Composite Laminates Under Off-Axis Loading
,” Int. J. Fatigue
, 21
, pp. 253
–262
.10.1016/S0142-1123(98)00073-510.
Awerbuch
, J.
, and Hahn
, H. T.
, 1981
, “Off-Axis Fatigue of Graphite/Epoxy Composite
,” Fatigue Fibrous Compos. Mater.
, ASTM International, Philadelphia PA, pp. 243
–273
.10.1520/STP723-EB11.
Belingardi
, G.
, Cavatorta
, M. P.
, and Frasca
, C.
, 2006
, “Bending Fatigue Behavior of Glass-Carbon/Epoxy Hybrid Composites
,” Compos. Sci. Technol.
, 66
, pp. 222
–232
.10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.04.03112.
Kar
, N. K.
, Barjasteh
, E.
, Hu
, Y.
, and Nutt
, S. R.
, 2011
, “Bending Fatigue of Hybrid Composite Rods
,” Compos.: Part A
, 42
, pp. 328
–336
.10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.12.01213.
Muri
, G. B.
, Schaff
, J. R.
, and Dobyns
, A.
, 2001
, Fatigue and Damage Tolerance Analysis of a Hybrid Composite Tapered Flexbeam
, Langley Research Center, Washington DC
.14.
Ong
, C.-H.
, and Tsai
, S. W.
, 1999
, “Design, Manufacture and Testing of a Bend-Twist D-spar
,” Sandia National Laboratories, Stanford, June.15.
Tsai
, S. W.
, and Hahn
, H. T.
, 1980
, Introduction to Composite Materials
, Technomic Publishing Company Inc.
, Westport, PA.16.
Herakovich
, C. T.
, 1998
, Mechanics of Fibrous Composites
, John Wiley & Sons
, New York
.17.
Vasiliev
, V. V.
, 1993
, Mechanics of Composite Materials
, 2nd ed., Taylor & Francis
, London
.18.
Lobitz
, D. W.
, and Veers
, P. S.
, 1998
, “Aeroelastic Behavior of Twist-Coupled HAWT Blades
,” American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Albuquerque, NM.19.
Hermann
, T.
, Locke
, J. E.
, and Wetzel
, K. K.
, 2006
, “Fabrication, Testing, and Analysis of Anisotropic Carbon/Glass Hybrid Compoites Volume 2: Test Data
,” Sandia National Laboratories.20.
Department of Defense,
2002
, Composite Materials Handbook: Volume 3. Polymer Matrix Compoites Materials Usage, Design, and Analysis, Department of Defense, Philadelphia, PA.21.
Lee
, S.
, Gaudert
, P. C.
, Dainty
, R. C.
, and Scott
, R. F.
, 1989
, “Characterization of the Fracture Toughness Property (G1c) of Composite Laminates Using the Double Cantilever Beam Specimen
,” Polym. Compos.
, 10
(5
), pp. 303
–312
.10.1002/pc.75010050622.
ISO 14125
, 1998
, “Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Composites: Determination of Flexural Properties
,” ISO, Geneva, Switzerland.23.
Hashin
, Z. Z.
, 1980
, “Failure Criteria for Unidirectional Fiber Composites
,” ASME J. Appl. Mech.
, 47
(2
), pp. 329
–334
.10.1115/1.315366424.
ABAQUS CAE
, 2011
, “ABAQUS 6.11 Online Documentation Collection
,” Computer Software, Providence, RI.25.
Mayer
, R.
, ed., 1996
, Design of Composite Structures Against Fatigue: Applications to Wind Turbine Blades
, Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited
, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk
, UK.26.
Samborsky
, D. D.
, Wilson
, T. J.
, Agastra
, P.
, and Mandell
, J. F.
, 2008
, “Delamination at Thick Ply Drops in Carbon and Glass Fiber Laminates Under Fatigue Loading
,” ASME J. Sol. Energy Eng.
, 130
(3
), p. 031001
.10.1115/1.293149627.
Mall
, S.
, Yun
, K.-T.
, and Kochhar
, N.
, 1989
, “Characterization of Matrix Thoughness Effect on Cycling Delamination Growth in Graphite Fiber Composites
,” Compos. Mater.: Fatigue Fract.
, Vol. 2, ASTM STP 1012, P.A. Lagace, ed., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 296
–310
.28.
Asp
, L. E.
, Sjögren
, A.
, and Greenhalgh
, E. S.
, 2001
, “Delamination Growth and Thresholds in a Carbon/Epoxy Composite Under Fatigue Loading
,” J. Compos. Technol. Res.
, 23
(2
), pp. 55
–68
.10.1520/CTR10914J29.
Kenane
, M.
, and Benzeggagh
, M. L.
, 1997
, “Mixed-Mode Delamination Fracture Toughness of Unidirectional Glass/Epoxy Composites Under Fatigue Loading
,” Compos. Sci. Technol.
, 57
, pp. 597
–605
.10.1016/S0266-3538(97)00021-330.
Echtermeyer
, A. T.
, Hayman
, E.
, and Ronold
, K. O.
, 1996
, “Comparison of Fatigue Curves for Glass Composite Laminates
,” Design of Composite Structures Against Fatigue
, R. M.
Mayer
, ed., Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited
, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk
, UK, pp. 209
–226
.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
