... of ameliorating the device configuration encompassed on inverted architecture, tandem structure, the introduction of buffer layers, thermal annealing, and the integration of optimized conditions. Finally, the effects of the improvement methods were concisely summarized, and the perspectives of the future research...

... efficiencies. As a result of its metastability, several challenges exist for this material system, which up to now limits the device performance. We performed nanostructural analysis in combination with photoluminescence characterization to optimize the metal organic vapor phase growth as well as the annealing...

... precursor). By contrast, the vaporized materials (C, Ni, and Co species) at the target surface were well mixed in helium, and single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) might grow in the annealing and cooling zone at the backside of the reactor. The same numerical approach may be used to design modifications...