https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3889-3380
Abstract
In today’s market, consumers prioritize sportswear that offers both high comfort and functionality. This study aims to assess the impact of various water-repellents applied to fabrics, sewing thread types, and their water-repellent finishes on the comfort properties of outdoor sportswear. Fluorocarbons containing six and eight carbons were applied to fabrics, followed by sewing these fabrics using polyester-cotton corespun and polyamide sewing threads, with or without water-repellent finishing. Scanning electron microscopy analysis results confirmed that fluorocarbon water-repellents were successfully transferred to the fabric. Comfort properties were evaluated on both sewn and unsewn areas of the fabrics. The results of the study revealed that fluorocarbons with six carbons may be preferable considering overall bending rigidity with the value of 83.731 mg.cm. However, fluorocarbons with eight carbons generally exhibited higher water vapor (5,454.088 g/m2/day) and air permeability (58.100 mm/s on the right side and 58.760 mm/s on the back side). Moreover, the sewing process of fabrics increased the bending rigidity, thermal resistance, and thermal conductivity while decreasing in the thermal absorptivity and water vapor permeability values. The type of sewing thread was statistically significant for the comfort properties (weft, warp, and overall bending rigidity as well as water vapor permeability and right side-air permeability) except for Alambeta values. Additionally, water-repellent finishing of sewing threads showed a statistically significant effect on warp and overall bending rigidity as well as water vapor permeability values.
Issue Section:
Technical Papers
References
1.
Uttam
D.
, “Active Sportswear Fabrics
,” International Journal of IT, Engineering and Applied Sciences Research
2
, no. 1
(January 2013
): 34
–40
.2.
Özdil
N.
and Anand
S.
, “Recent Developments in Textile Materials and Products Used for Activewear and Sportswear
,” Electronic Journal of Textile Technologies
8
, no. 3
(2014
): 68
–83
.3.
Kanjana
S.
and Nalankilli
G.
, “Smart, Waterproof, Breathable Sportswear—A Review
,” International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology
3
, no. 5
(July–August 2017
): 591
–600
.4.
Khoddami
A.
, Bazanjani
S.
, and Gong
R. H.
, “Investigating the Effects of Different Repellent Agents on the Performance of Novel Polyester/Wool Blended Fabrics
,” Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics
10
, no. 2
(June 2015
): 137
–146
, https://doi.org/10.1177/1558925015010002165.
Holmquist
H.
, Schellenberger
S.
, van der Veen
I.
, Peters
G. M.
, Leonards
P. E. G.
, and Cousins
I. T.
, “Properties, Performance and Associated Hazards of State-of-the-Art Durable Water Repellent (DWR) Chemistry for Textile Finishing
,” Environment International
91
(2016
): 251
–264
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.02.0356.
Zahid
M.
, Mazzon
G.
, Athanassiou
A.
, and Bayer
I. S.
, “Environmentally Benign Non-wettable Textile Treatments: A Review of Recent State-of-the-Art
,” Advances in Colloid and Interface Science
270
(2019
): 216
–250
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2019.06.0017.
Schellenberger
S.
, Gillgard
P.
, Stare
A.
, Hanning
A.
, Levenstam
O.
, Roos
S.
, and Cousins
I. T.
, “Facing the Rain after the Phase Out: Performance Evaluation of Alternative Fluorinated and Non-fluorinated Durable Water Repellents for Outdoor Fabrics
,” Chemosphere
193
(2018
): 675
–684
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.0278.
Mohsin
M.
, Farooq
A.
, Abbas
N.
, Noreen
U.
, Sarwar
N.
, and Khan
A.
, “Environment Friendly Finishing for the Development of Oil and Water Repellent Cotton Fabric
,” Journal of Natural Fibers
13
, no. 3
(May 2016
): 261
–267
, https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2015.10053299.
Chowdhury
K. P.
, “Impact of Different Water Repellent Finishes on Cotton Double Jersey Fabrics
,” Journal of Textile Science and Technology
4
, no. 3
(August 2018
): 85
–99
, https://doi.org/10.4236/jtst.2018.4300610.
Jain
A. K.
, Tesema
A. F.
, and Haile
A.
, “Development of Multifunctional Cotton Using Fluorocarbon Resin
,” Journal of Textiles and Fibrous Materials
1
(2018
): 1
–8
, https://doi.org/10.1177/251522111878605211.
Gargoubi
S.
, Baffoun
A.
, Harzallah
O. A.
, Hamdi
M.
, and Boudokhane
C.
, “Water Repellent Treatment for Cotton Fabrics with Long-Chain Fluoropolymer and Its Short-Chain Eco-Friendly Alternative
,” The Journal of the Textile Institute
111
, no. 6
(2020
): 835
–845
, https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2019.166479612.
Hawas
H.
, Mansour
E.-A. M. E.
, and Mahmoud
T.
, “Evaluation of the Mechanical and Functional Properties of Velvet Fabrics Treated with Fluorocarbon
,” Egyptian Journal of Chemistry
63
, no. 9
(September 2020
): 3533
–3546
, https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2020.23461.239113.
Kartal
G. E.
, “Investigation of the Usage Characteristics of Environmentally Friendly Water-Repellent Chemicals on Cotton Fabrics: Improving Sustainability of Surface Coatings
,” Johnson Matthey Technology Review
67
, no. 2
(April 2023
): 150
–158
, https://doi.org/10.1595/205651323X1668436663567614.
Mondal
M. I. H.
and Saha
J.
, “Fabrication of C6-Fluorocarbon-Dendrimer-Based Superhydrophobic Cotton Fabrics for Multifunctional Aspects
,” Cellulose
30
, no. 1
(January 2023
): 639
–663
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04881-315.
Gürarda
A.
, “The Effects of Seam Parameters on the Stiffness of Woven Fabrics
,” Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon
19
, no. 3
(July 2009
): 242
–247
.16.
Oğlakcioğlu
N.
, İlleez
A. A.
, Erdoğan
M. Ç.
, Marmarali
A.
, and Güner
M.
, “Bisikletçi Giysilerinde Dikim İşleminin Isıl Konfor Özelliklerine Etkisi
” (in Turkish), Tekstil ve Mühendis
20
, no. 90
(June 2013
): 31
–41
, https://doi.org/10.7216/13007599201320900417.
Beaudette
E.
and Park
H.
, “Impact of Seam Types on Thermal Properties of Athletic Bodywear
,” Textile Research Journal
87
, no. 9
(June 2017
): 1052
–1059
, https://doi.org/10.1177/004051751664850618.
Sukran
K.
, “Comparison of Sewn Fabric Bending Rigidities Obtained by Heart Loop Method: Effects of Different Stitch Types and Seam Directions
,” Industria Textila
71
, no. 2
(April 2020
): 105
–111
, https://doi.org/10.35530/IT.071.02.164719.
Maanvizhi
M.
, Prakash
C.
, and Rameshbabu
V.
, “Effect of Stitch Density and Stitch Type on the Moisture Management Properties of Seams for High Active Sportswear Application
,” Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe
6
, no. 144
(November 2020
): 72
–78
, https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.326320.
Preet
A.
, Mukhopadhyay
A.
, and Midha
V.
, “Investigation of Impact of Seam on Moisture Transmission and Drying Behaviour of Multi-layered Ensembles Using Sweat and Water
,” The Journal of The Textile Institute
112
, no. 1
(2021
): 132
–137
, https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2020.174422121.
Sadhna
R. Kumar
, Maanvizhi
M.
, Prakash
C.
, Ramesh Babu
V.
, and Indu
G. K.
, “Impact of Stitch Density on Tactile Comfort Properties of Seams
,” AATCC Journal of Research
10
, no. 2
(2023
): 73
–79
, https://doi.org/10.1177/2472344422113231822.
Erayman
Y.
and Korkmaz
Y.
, “The Effects of Water Repellent Finishing on Physical Characteristics and Thermal Comfort of Textile Materials Used in Outer Environments
,” in Seventh European Conference on Protective Clothing
(Istanbul, Turkey: Meta Basim Press, 2016
), 33
–34
, https://web.archive.org/web/20240111204327/https://es-pc.eu/media/attachments/2017/09/05/7th-ecpc.pdf23.
Erayman
Y.
and Korkmaz
Y.
, “The Effects of Water Repellent Finishing on Physical and Handle Characteristics of Textile Materials Used in Outer Environments
” (paper presentation, Proceedings of the 16th Association of Universities for Textiles World Textile Conference, Ljubljana, Slovenia, June 8–10, 2016
).24.
Erayman Yüksel
Y.
and Korkmaz
Y.
, “Investigation of Sewing and Water Repellent Performance of Outdoor Clothing
,” International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology
31
, no. 5
(September 2019
): 693
–704
, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCST-09-2018-011925.
Erayman
Y.
, “Effects of Water Repellency Finish Process on Fabric Handle and Sewability Properties of Sport Technical Textiles
” (in Turkish) (master’s thesis, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University
, 2016
).26.
Standard Test Method for Stiffness of Fabrics
, ASTM D1388-18 (West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International
, approved July 1, 2018
), https://doi.org/10.1520/D1388-1827.
Özdil
N.
, Kumaşlarda Fiziksel Kalite Kontrol Yöntemleri
(in Turkish), 1st ed. (İzmir, Turkey
: Ege University Textile and Apparel Research—Application Center Publication
, 2003
).28.
Hes
L.
and Loghin
C.
, “Heat, Moisture and Air Transfer Properties of Selected Woven Fabrics in Wet State
,” Journal of Fiber Bioengineering and Informatics
2
, no. 3
(December 2009
): 141
–149
, https://doi.org/10.3993/jfbi1220090129.
Matusiak
M.
and Sybilska
W.
, “Thermal Resistance of Fabrics vs. Thermal Insulation of Clothing Made of the Fabrics
,” The Journal of the Textile Institute
107
, no. 7
(July 2015
): 842
–848
, https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2015.106178930.
Textiles—Measurement of Water Vapour Permeability of Textiles for The Purpose of Quality Control
(Withdrawn), ISO 15496 (2004) (Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization
, 2004
).31.
Huang
J.
and Qian
X.
, “Comparison of Test Methods for Measuring Water Vapor Permeability of Fabrics
,” Textile Research Journal
78
, no. 4
(April 2008
): 342
–352
, https://doi.org/10.1177/004051750809049432.
Textiles—Determination of Permeability of Fabrics to Air
, ISO 9237 (Ankara, Turkey: International Organization for Standardization
, 1999
).33.
Kayseri
G. Ö.
, Özdil
N.
, and Mengüç
G. S.
, “Sensorial Comfort of Textile Materials
,” in Woven Fabrics
, ed. Jeon
H.-Y.
(London
: IntechOpen
, 2012
), 235
–266
, https://doi.org/10.5772/3759634.
Hu
J.
, Chung
S.
, and Lo
M.-T.
, “Effect of Seams on Fabric Drape
,” International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology
9
, no. 3
(1997
): 220
–227
, https://doi.org/10.1108/0955622971016835135.
Krishnaraj
K.
, Thanikaivelan
P.
, Phebeaardn
K.
, and Chandrasekaran
B.
, “Effect of Sewing on the Drape of Goat Suede Apparel Leathers
,” International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology
22
, no. 5
(2010
): 358
–373
, https://doi.org/10.1108/0955622101107182036.
Sanad
R. A.
and Cassidy
T.
, “Fabric Objective Measurement and Drape
,” Textile Progress
47
, no. 4
(2015
): 317
–406
, https://doi.org/10.1080/00405167.2015.111724337.
Kwon
S. O.
, Park
C. H.
, and Kim
J.
, “Breathable, Antistatic and Superhydrophobic PET/Lyocell Fabric
,” Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics
10
, no. 3
(September 2015
): 46
–56
, https://doi.org/10.1177/15589250150100031738.
Rahman
M.
, Ayatullah Hosne Asif
A. K. M.
, Sarker
P.
, and Sarker
B.
, “Improvement of Tensile Strength of Viscose Woven Fabric by Applying Chemical Finishes
,” Manufacturing Science and Technology
6
, no. 2
(2019
): 23
–30
, https://doi.org/10.13189/mst.2019.06020139.
Çil
M. G.
, Nergis
U. B.
, and Candan
C.
, “An Experimental Study of Some Comfort-Related Properties of Cotton—Acrylic Knitted Fabrics
,” Textile Research Journal
79
, no. 10
(July 2009
): 917
–923
, https://doi.org/10.1177/004051750809991940.
Dal
V.
, Şimşek
R.
, Hes
L.
, Akçagün
E.
, and Yilmaz
A.
, “Investigation of Thermal Comfort Properties of Zinc Oxide Coated Woven Cotton Fabric
,” The Journal of The Textile Institute
108
, no. 3
(2017
): 337
–340
, https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2016.116681941.
Lu
X.
and Wu
S.
, “Thermo-physiological Comfort Properties of Different Woven Fabrics Used in Sportswear for Outdoor Activities
,” Thermal Science
26
, no. 3
, Part B (January 2022
): 2707
–2712
, https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI2203707L42.
Tesinova
P.
and Atalie
D.
, “Thermal Comfort Properties of Sport Fabrics with Dependency on Structure Parameters and Maintenance
,” Fibers and Polymers
23
, no. 4
(April 2022
): 1150
–1160
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-022-4160-x43.
Pektaş
K.
, Balcı
O.
, and Ibis
A.
, “Investigation on Comfort and Water Repellant Properties of the Rtv-2 (Bi-Component Room Temperature Vulcanizing Silicone) Silicone Coated Woven Fabric
,” Journal of Industrial Textiles
53
(January–December 2023
): 1
–27
, https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083723120503244.
Bogusławska–Bączek
M.
and Hes
L.
, “Thermophysiological Properties of Dry and Wet Functional Sportswear Made of Synthetic Fibres
,” Tekstilec
60
, no. 4
(2017
): 331
–338
, https://doi.org/10.14502/Tekstilec2017.60.331-33845.
Suganthi
T.
and Senthilkumar
P.
, “Comfort Properties of Double Face Knitted Fabrics for Tennis Sportswear
,” Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research
43
, no. 1
(March 2018
): 9
–19
, https://doi.org/10.56042/ijftr.v43i1.1249146.
Dias
T.
and Delkumburewatte
G. B.
, “The Influence of Moisture Content on the Thermal Conductivity of a Knitted Structure
,” Measurement Science and Technology
18
, no. 5
(May 2007
): 1304, https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/18/5/01647.
Van Amber
R. R.
, Wilson
C. A.
, Laing
R. M.
, Lowe
B. J.
, and Niven
B. E.
, “Thermal and Moisture Transfer Properties of Sock Fabrics Differing in Fiber Type, Yarn, and Fabric Structure
,” Textile Research Journal
85
, no. 12
(July 2015
): 1269
–1280
, https://doi.org/10.1177/004051751456192648.
Dalbaşı
E. S.
, Çoban
S.
, and Özçelik Kayseri
G.
, “Thermo-physiological Comfort Properties of Various Shirt Fabrics Treated with Conventional and Nano Sized Water-Oil Repellent and Wrinkle Resistant Agents
,” The Journal of The Textile Institute
113
, no. 6
(May 2021
): 1104
–1113
, https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2021.191558649.
Oğlakcioğlu
N.
and Marmarali
A.
, “Thermal Comfort Properties of Some Knitted Structures
,” Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe
15
, nos. 5
–6
(January/December 2007
): 94
–96
.50.
Gunesoglu
S.
, Meric
B.
, and Gunesoglu
C.
, “Thermal Contact Properties of 2-Yarn Fleece Knitted Fabrics
,” Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe
13
, no. 2
(April/June 2005
): 46
–50
.51.
Atalie
D.
, Tesinova
P.
, Tadesse
M. G.
, Ferede
E.
, Dulgheriu
I.
, and Loghin
E.
, “Thermo-physiological Comfort Properties of Sportswear with Different Combination of Inner and Outer Layers
,” Materials
14
, no. 22
(2021
): 6863, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1422686352.
Supuren
G.
, Oglakcioglu
N.
, Ozdil
N.
, and Marmarali
A.
, “Moisture Management and Thermal Absorptivity Properties of Double-Face Knitted Fabrics
,” Textile Research Journal
81
, no. 13
(August 2011
): 1320
–1330
, https://doi.org/10.1177/004051751140212253.
Mansoor
T.
, Hes
L.
, Bajzik
V.
, and Noman
M. T.
, “Novel Method on Thermal Resistance Prediction and Thermo-physiological Comfort of Socks in a Wet State
,” Textile Research Journal
90
, nos. 17–18
(September 2020
): 1987
–2006
, https://doi.org/10.1177/004051752090254054.
Garg
S.
, Midha
V. K.
, and Sikka
M.
, “Thermal Properties of Multi-layered Seamed Fabrics under Wet State
,” International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology
35
, no. 6
(October 2023
): 1023
–1037
, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCST-11-2022-015555.
Atalie
D.
, Gideon
R.
, Melesse
G.
, Ferede
E.
, Getnet
F.
, and Nibret
A.
, “Thermo-physiological Comfort of Half Bleached Woven Fabrics Made from Different Cotton Yarns Parameters
,” Journal of Natural Fibers
19
, no. 13
(2022
): 5034
–5049
, https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2021.187535156.
Hassan
M.
, Qashqary
K.
, Hassan
H. A.
, Shady
E.
, and Alansary
M.
, “Influence of Sportswear Fabric Properties on the Health and Performance of Athletes
,” Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe
93
, no. 4
(January 2012
): 82
–88
.57.
Salopek Čubrić
I.
, Potočić Matković
V. M.
, Pavlović
Ž.
, and Pavko Čuden
A.
, “Material and Structural Functionalization of Knitted Fabrics for Sportswear
,” Materials
15
, no. 9
(May 2022
): 3306, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1509330658.
Razzaque
A.
, Tesinova
P.
, Hes
L.
, Salacova
J.
, and Abid
H. A.
, “Investigation on Hydrostatic Resistance and Thermal Performance of Layered Waterproof Breathable Fabrics
,” Fibers and Polymers
18
, no. 10
(October 2017
): 1924
–1930
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-017-1154-159.
Chen
Q.
, Tang
K.-P. M.
, Ma
P.
, Jiang
G.
, and Xu
C.
, “Thermophysiological Comfort Properties of Polyester Weft-Knitted Fabrics for Sports T-shirt
,” The Journal of the Textile Institute
108
, no. 8
(2017
): 1421
–1429
, https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2016.125512260.
Suganthi
T.
and Senthilkumar
P.
, “Thermo-physiological Comfort of Layered Knitted Fabrics for Sportswear
,” Textile and Apparel
27
, no. 4
(January 2017
): 352
–360
.61.
Vasanth Kumar
D.
and Raja
D.
, “Study of Thermal Comfort Properties on Socks Made from Recycled Polyester/Virgin Cotton and Its Blends
,” Fibers and Polymers
22
, no. 3
(March 2021
): 841
–846
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-021-0471-6
This content is only available via PDF.
All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ASTM International.
You do not currently have access to this content.
