Abstract

In general, the basis of any type of management decision-making system is a correct evaluation of the current situation, future prediction, and finally optimal decision-making. There are various field methods for road pavement evaluation, among which are destructive and nondestructive methods. One of the nondestructive testing methods is dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) testing. The main objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of using DCP to control the quality of pavement layers and estimate parameters such as California bearing ratio (CBR) and compaction ratio. For this purpose, DCP, CBR tests, and determination of density percentage have been used as parameters used to control the quality of pavement layers. The dynamic resistance meter or DCP is a device that is used to quickly measure the resistance of different pavement layers. This device causes a small destruction on the surface. Hence, it is also called nondestructive testing. However, to use DCP, it is necessary to measure its results with the results of prevalent and widely used tests such as CBR and to examine their relationships. In this research, the DCP, CBR, density, sieve analysis, moisture content, and Atterberg limit tests were performed on two locations (a highway under construction and a landscaping project). Then, the results of the DCP test with CBR and soil compaction ratio (R) in two different locations were investigated and the relationships between these parameters were determined. The results showed that there is a good relationship statistically between DCP and CBR parameters in both locations. Also, for the first time, a very good correlation between the R parameter and the results of the dynamic penetrometer cone test was obtained. The observations represented that the correlation coefficients are higher than 0.9 in the highway location, which had well-graded soil in comparison with the landscaping project.

Issue Section:
Technical Papers
Keywords:
California bearing ratio, dynamic cone penetrometer, compaction ratio

References

1.
Sagar
 
C. P.
,
Badiger
 
M.
,
Mamatha
 
K. H.
, and
Dinesh
 
S. V.
, “
Prediction of CBR Using Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Index
,”
Materials Today: Proceedings
 
60
, Part 
1
(
2022
):
223
–
228
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.12.467
2.
Wilches
 
F. J.
,
Feria Díaz
 
J. J.
, and
Hernandez Ávila
 
J. R.
, “
Correlation between California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) for Soil from Sincelejo City in Colombia
,”
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research
 
13
, no. 
4
(
2018
):
2068
–
2071
.
3.
Meshram
 
K.
, “
Estimation of Field CBR from DCP for Subgrade Soils
,”
Arabian Journal of Geosciences
 
15
, no. 
9
(April
2022
): 898, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10048-y
4.
Ntirenganya
 
N.
,
Basher
 
B.
,
Ahmed
 
E. S.
, and
Shallal
 
M.
, “
Development of Correlation between Soaked CBR and In-Situ CBR Determined by DCP for Soil in the Southern Province of Rwanda
,”
International Journal of Scientific Research and Management
 
8
, no. 
1
(January
2020
):
314
–
318
, https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v8i01.ec02
5.
Monteiro
 
F. F.
,
Lacerda de Oliveira
 
F. H.
,
Zitllau
 
O.
,
Porto de Aguiar
 
M. F.
, and
de Carvalho
 
L. M. C.
, “
CBR Value Estimation Using Dynamic Cone Penetrometer—A Case Study of Brazil’s Midwest Federal Highway
,”
The Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
 
21
(
2016
):
4649
–
4656
.
6.
Mejías-Santiago
 
M.
,
García
 
L.
, and
Edwards
 
L.
, “
Assessment of Material Strength Using Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Test for Pavement Applications
,” in
Airfield and Highway Pavements 2015
(
Reston, VA
:
American Society of Civil Engineers
,
2015
),
837
–
848
, https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784479216.074
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
7.
Patel
 
M. A.
 and
Patel
 
H. S.
, “
Experimental Study to Correlate the Test Results of PBT, UCS, and CBR with DCP on Various Soils in Soaked Condition
,”
International Journal of Engineering
 
6
, no. 
5
(
2012
):
244
–
261
.
8.
Lee
 
C.
,
Kim
 
K.-S.
,
Woo
 
W.
, and
Lee
 
W.
, “
Soil Stiffness Gauge (SSG) and Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) Tests for Estimating Engineering Properties of Weathered Sandy Soils in Korea
,”
Engineering Geology
 
169
(
2014
):
91
–
99
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.11.010
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
9.
Gabr
 
M. A.
,
Hopkins
 
K.
,
Coonse
 
J.
, and
Hearne
 
T.
, “
DCP Criteria for Performance Evaluation of Pavement Layers
,”
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
 
14
, no. 
4
(November
2000
):
141
–
148
, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2000)14:4(141)
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
10.
Singh
 
D.
,
Jha
 
J. N.
, and
Gill
 
K. S.
, “
Strength Evaluation of Soil Subgrade Using In-Situ Tests
,”
Civil Engineering and Architecture
 
4
, no. 
6
(
2016
):
201
–
212
, https://doi.org/10.13189/cea.2016.040601
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
11.
Harison
 
J. A.
, “
Correlation Between California Bearing Ratio and Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Strength Measurement of Soils. Technical Note 463
,”
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
 
83
, no. 
4
(December
1987
):
833
–
844
, https://doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1987.204
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
12.
Abu-Farsakh
 
M. Y.
,
Nazzal
 
M. D.
,
Alshibli
 
K.
, and
Seyman
 
E.
, “
Application of Dynamic Cone Penetrometer in Pavement Construction Control
,”
Journal of the Transportation Research Board
 
1913
, no. 
1
(January
2005
):
53
–
61
, https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198105191300106
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
13.
Lacey
 
D.
,
Look
 
B.
, and
Williams
 
D. J.
, “
Evaluation of Subgrade Stiffness Using the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer
” (paper presentation,
International Conference on Advances in Geotechnical Engineering [ICAGE 2011]
, Perth, Australia, November 7–9,
2011
).
14.
Standard Practice for Sampling Aggregates
, ASTM D75/D75M-19 (West Conshohocken, PA:
ASTM International
, approved November 1,
2019
), https://doi.org/10.1520/D0075_D0075M-19
15.
Standard Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis
, ASTM D6913-04 (West Conshohocken, PA:
ASTM International
, approved July 1,
2009
), https://doi.org/10.1520/D6913-04R09E01
16.
Standard Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual Procedures)
, ASTM D2488-17e1 (West Conshohocken, PA:
ASTM International
, approved July 15,
2017
), https://doi.org/10.1520/D2488-17E01
17.
Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils
, ASTM D4318-17e1 (West Conshohocken, PA:
ASTM International
, approved July 1,
2017
), https://doi.org/10.1520/D4318-17E01
18.
Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
, ASTM D2216-19 (West Conshohocken, PA:
ASTM International
, approved March 1,
2019
), https://doi.org/10.1520/D2216-19
19.
Standard Test Method for California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of Laboratory-Compacted Soils
, ASTM D1883-21 (West Conshohocken, PA:
ASTM International
, approved November 15,
2021
), https://doi.org/10.1520/D1883-21
20.
Standard Test Method for Use of the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer in Shallow Pavement Applications (Superseded)
, ASTM D6951/D6951M-18 (West Conshohocken, PA:
ASTM International
, approved May 1,
2018
), https://doi.org/10.1520/D6951_D6951M-18
21.
Kim
 
H.
,
Prezzi
 
M.
, and
Salgado
 
R.
,
Use of Dynamic Cone Penetration and Clegg Hammer Tests for Quality Control of Roadway Compaction and Construction, FHWA/IN/JTRP-2010/27
(
West Lafayette, IN
:
Joint Transportation Research Program, Indiana Department of Transportation and Purdue University
,
2010
), https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284314246
22.
Salgado
 
R.
 and
Yoon
 
S.
,
Dynamic Cone Penetration Test (DCPT) for Subgrade Assessment, FHWA/IN/JTRP-2002/30
(
West Lafayette, IN
:
Joint Transportation Research Program, Indiana Department of Transportation and Purdue University
,
2003
), https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284313196
23.
Scala
 
A. J.
, “
Simple Methods of Flexible Pavement Design Using Cone Penetrometers
,” in
Golden Jubilee of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering: Commemorative Volume
(
Barton, Australia
:
Institution of Engineers
,
Australia
,
1985
),
1
–
12
.
24.
Gawith
 
A. H.
 and
Perrin
 
C. C.
, “
Development in the Design and Construction of Bituminous Surfaced Pavements in the State of Victoria, Australia
” (paper presentation,
International Conference on the Structural Design of Asphalt Pavements
, Ann Arbor, MI, August 20–24,
1962
).
25.
van Vuuren
 
D. J.
, “
Rapid Determination of CBR with the Portable Dynamic Cone Penetrometer
,”
The Rhodesian Engineer
 
7
, no. 
5
(
1969
):
852
–
854
.
26.
Sowers
 
G. F.
 and
Hedges
 
C. S.
, “
Dynamic Cone for Shallow In-Situ Penetration Testing
,” in
Vane Shear and Cone Penetration Resistance Testing of In-Situ Soils
(
West Conshohocken, PA
:
ASTM International
,
1966
),
29
–
37
, https://doi.org/10.1520/STP44629S
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
27.
Kleyn
 
E. G.
,
The Use of the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP), Report 2/74
(
Tshwane, South Africa
:
Transvaal Roads Department
,
1975
).
28.
Standard Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by Sand-Cone Method (Superseded)
, ASTM D1556-07 (West Conshohocken, PA:
ASTM International
, approved September 15,
2007
), https://doi.org/10.1520/D1556-07
29.
Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3 [600 kN-m/m3])
, ASTM D698-12(2021) (West Conshohocken, PA:
ASTM International
, July 1,
2021
), https://doi.org/10.1520/D0698-12R21
30.
Wang
 
J.
,
Wang
 
T.
,
Hou
 
X.
, and
Xiao
 
F.
, “
Modelling of Rheological and Chemical Properties of Asphalt Binder Considering SARA Fraction
,”
Fuel
 
238
(February
2019
):
320
–
330
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.10.126
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
This content is only available via PDF.
All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ASTM International.
You do not currently have access to this content.